??????

??????? (? ?????? : Tenure ) ??? ???? ?? ???? ??????? ??? ????? ????? ????? ????, ???? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ????? ???? ???? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????, ??? ????? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ??????.

?????? ????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

??? 1915 ????? ?????? ????????? ?? ????????? ????????????? ( ??' ) (AAUP) ???????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????? "????? ????". ???? ?????? ???????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?"????? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ??????" ?? ?-AAUP. ^[1] ?????? ?????? ????? ?? ??? AAUP ??????? ????????? ??????? ????????????? (AAC&U), ????? ?? ????? ?? ??? ???? ?-250 ?????? ??????? ??????? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ???????? ??? ???? ????? ?????. ^[2] ????? ?? ????? ?? "???? ???? ????? ????? ????? ???? ??????".

????? ???, ?? ????? ??????? ??? ?? ?? ???????? ???????? ?? ?? ????? ????? ???? ??, ??? ??????? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ??? ??????? ??????? ????? ????? ????????????? ?????? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ????? ???. ??????, ???????? ?? ?????? ??? ?? "???????? ?????? ???? ???? ?? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ?? ???? ??????? ." ^[3] ???? ??????? ????? ????? ???? ???? ?? ????? ??????? ???? ?? ??????? ????????????? ????????. ^[4]

?? ???, ???? ??????, ??? ????, ?? ? ?????? ???????? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ???? ??? ????? ????? ??????? ???????? ?????, ?? ??????? ???? ??????? ?????? ????? ???? ???? ????? ???????. ?????? ????? ????? ???? ??? ???? ???????, ???????????? ?????? ???? ??????? ?????? ???? ??? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ????????. ???? ??? ?? ???? ?? ???? ????? ?? ??? ??? ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ?????????? ?????. ^[5]

?????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ???????, ????? ?? ????? ?????? , ??????? ????????, ??????? ???????? , ???????????? , ??????? ?? ???????? ???????? ? ?????? , ???? ??-?? . ?????? ??????? ?? ????? ?????, ??????? ????? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ???. ???? ??????? ???? ???? ???? ??????? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ( ????"? ).

?????? ????? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ??????.

??? ?????? ???????? ???? ?????? ??????? ????? ???? ??? ?????, ??? ????? ??? ???? ??? ??? .

??????? ???????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

??? ?????? , ?? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ???? ?????? ???????? , ???? TheMarker ‏, 23 ??????? 2013
??? ?????? ????? ???, ? ?????? ??????? ????? ??????: ????? ????? ?????? ??????? , ?????? ???, 2013

????? ?????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

^ 1940 Statement of Principles on Academic Freedom and Tenure , ???? AAUP
^ Tenure ???? AAUP
^ Lee Smolin, The Trouble with Physics
^ Flaherty, Colleen. "Killing Tenure" . Inside Higher Ed . ???? ?- 9 ???? 2017 . {{ cite web }}: ( ???? )
^ Levitt, Steven. "Let's Just Get Rid of Tenure (Including Mine)" . Freakonomics . ???? ?- 9 ???? 2017 . {{ cite web }}: ( ???? )

[1] 1940 Statement of Principles on Academic Freedom and Tenure , ???? AAUP

[2] Tenure ???? AAUP

[3] Lee Smolin, The Trouble with Physics

[4] Flaherty, Colleen. "Killing Tenure" . Inside Higher Ed . ???? ?- 9 ???? 2017 . {{ cite web }}: ( ???? )

[5] Levitt, Steven. "Let's Just Get Rid of Tenure (Including Mine)" . Freakonomics . ???? ?- 9 ???? 2017 . {{ cite web }}: ( ???? )

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]