???? ?????? ??? ???? ??????? ????? ? ??????????? ????? ?????? ?? ???????? ??????? ?? ?????? . ????? ???? ?? ??? ?? ??????? ?????? .

???? ?????? ???? ?? ???:

${\displaystyle \ k_{B}=1.380649\times 10^{-23}\ {\mbox{J}}\ {\mbox{K}}^{-1}=1.380649\times 10^{-16}\ {\mbox{erg}}\ {\mbox{K}}^{-1}=8.6\times 10^{-5}\ {\mbox{eV}}\ {\mbox{K}}^{-1}}$

??????? ??????? ?? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ???? ???? ? ???????? T ?????? ?????? ???? ? ?????? ?????? :

${\displaystyle \ \epsilon =k_{B}T}$

??? ?? ??????: ${\displaystyle \tau =k_{B}T}$ ???? ${\displaystyle \tau }$ ???? ????????? ???????.

??????? ?????? ?????? ? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?? ?????? ???????? ????????? ???, ????? ?????? ????? ???????? ?????? ???? ? ??????????? . ????, ??????? ??????? ?????? ?? ?? ??????? ??????:

${\displaystyle \ E_{k}={\frac {3}{2}}Nk_{B}T}$

???? N ???? ????????. ??? ??, ????? ???? ?????? ??????? ???? ?? ?? ???????:

${\displaystyle \ PV=Nk_{B}T=nRT}$

???? P ? ??? , V ? ??? , n ???? ???????? ? ????? ?-R ???? ????? . ???? ??? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ???:

${\displaystyle k_{B}={\frac {R}{N_{A}}}}$

???? ${\displaystyle \ N_{A}}$ ???? ??????? .

???? ?????? ????? ?? ? ??????? ?????? - ?????? ????? ??????? ????? ??? ????????? ????? T, ???? ???? ?? ???????? ????? ??????? ?????? E ????? ????? ?????? ???? ?????, ???? ????? ????????? ????? ??????. ?????? ??, ? ??????? ????? ? ??? ?????? ${\displaystyle \ E}$ ????? ?? ???:

${\displaystyle \ {\mbox{Prob}}(E)={\frac {1}{Z}}e^{-{\frac {E}{k_{B}T}}}}$

???? Z ??? ???????? ?????? ?? ??????.

? ??????? ????? ???? ????? ????? ??? ?????? ???? ?? ??? ????? ????? ???? ????? ??????:

${\displaystyle \ V_{T}={k_{B}T \over q}}$

???? q ???? ? ??????? .

??????? ???????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

????? ??? ????????
??? ?????? ???????????: ???? ??????

• ???? ?????? , ???? ??????????? ???????? (???????)

??? ?? ??? ?????  ????? ?????? . ??? ??????? ????? ?????????? ? ?????? ???? .