?????????

????????? (Cyclotron) ??? ??? ?? ???? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ? ??? ????? ?? ??? ????? ? ??????? ???? ???????? ??????? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ??? ?? ?? ?????? ?? ??? ??? ????? .

?????????? ????? ?????? ???? ?-30 ?? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ???????? ????? ????? , ????? ?? ?????? ?? ?? ??? ???? ??????? ???? 1939 . ??? ?????? ??? ???? ???? ?-40 ??? ?????????? ????? ??????? ? ??????? ?????? ^[1]. ?? ????, ???????? ?????? ????? ?????, ????? ???? ????? ???????????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ???????, ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ? ???? ????? .

????? ????? ?????????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

?????????? ???? ???? ???? ???? ??????? "??" (??? ?????, ??????? ?? ???? ??????? D) ???????? ????? ?????????? ?? ???, ?? ??????? ???? ???? ?? ???? ??? ????? ??? ???? ??????? ?????? ???? ?????? ????. ??? ??????????, ???? ????? ?????, ???? ??? ????? ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ???????? ???????, ??? ??? ????? ???? ??? ???? ????? ?????. ???? ??????? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ???? ????? ???? ????? ?? ???????, ???? ?????? ???? ????? ? ?????? ????? ?????? , ?? ???? ??? ??????? ???? ???? ????? ???????, ???? ?????? ???? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ????-????? ????.

????? ????? ???? ???? ????? ???? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

??????? ???? ?? ???? ??? ?????, ???? ?????? ???? ????? ?? ????? ??????, ?? ?? ?? ???? ??????? ??? ? ?????? ??????? ??? - ????? ????? ????? ????? ?? ??? ??? ????? ?????, ??? ??? ???? ??????? ?????? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ??????.

?????? ???, ????? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? (?? ?????? ?? ?????? ????? ?????? ???? ??????, ???? ???? ??????). ????? ?????? ???:

r={\frac {mv}{qB}}={\frac {\sqrt {2m}}{qB}}{\sqrt {E}}

??- m ??? ??? ??????, q ????? , B ??? ????? ???? ??????, v ??? ?????? ??????, ?- E ??? ??????? ??????? ???.

?????? ??????? ??????????? ???????, ??? ????? ???? ???? ??? ???????, ??? ?? ??????? ??????? ?? ?????? ?????, ??????? ?????? ???: $f={\frac {v}{2{\pi }r}}={\frac {qB}{2{\pi }m}}$ .

?????? ?? ?????????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

?????, ???? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ?? ??????? ?? ??????, ??? ??? ????? ?? ????? ??? ???? ????? ?? ??? ???? ?? ??? ??? ?????. ??? ????? ?????? ????? ?????????? ?? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?? ?????? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ??????? ???. ?? ???? ????? ?? ????? ???? ?????? ??? ??? ???? ??????? ??????? ????? ??????? ?????? ?? ??????. ?? ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? ??? ????, ???? ?????? ???? ???? ?? ??????, ??? ?? ??? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ????, ?? ????. ???? ???? ?? ??? ????? ??? ???? ????? ???? ??? ??????? ???? ??? ????? ???? ??? $\ V$ ??? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ???? ??? ????, ???? ?????? ???? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ??:

\ \Delta E=qV

???? ?? ????, ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??? (?? ?? ?? ? ??? ??? ????? ???????, ??? ?? ????? ??????? ?? ???? ??), ????? ??? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ?????. ????, ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ????? ??????? ??????? ???, ???? ????? ???????? ????????? ?????? ????? ????? ?????????? ??? ????? R ?????? ??? ????? B ???:

E_{max}={\frac {q^{2}B^{2}R^{2}}{2m}}

????? ?? ??? ????? ???????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ??????????, ??? ????? ???? ?????? ??. ?? ??? ????? ???????? ???????, ???? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ???? ?? ???? , ??????? ?????????? ????? ???? ?? ???? ???-??? .

?????? ???????? ?? ?????????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ? ?????? ???? ?? ???????? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ?? ??????? ????????? ??? ???? ???????, ??? ?????? ???????? ???????? ?? ???? ?????? . ??????? ??? ??????? ???? ?????? ?????? ???? ??????, ???? ???? ??? ?????? m ₀ ?? ??????, ??? ?? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ???????? ??? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ??????? ???. ??? ?????? ??????:

f={\frac {qB}{2{\pi }\left(m_{0}+{\frac {E}{c^{2}}}\right)}}

????? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ???????, ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ?????????? ???????? ??? ?? ????? ????? ????, ???? ????? ?? ?????. ????? (???? ????? ????? ??? ?????? ?? ??? ?????? ????? ???? ??????? ????? ??????), ??? ?? ??????? ?? ???? ??????? ??????? (???? c²) ?????? ????? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????. ???? ??????? ????, ??? ?????? (?????? ??????? ?? ??????) ??? ???? ???? ?? ???? MeV , ??? ?????????? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ???????? ?? ????? MeV. ????? ????? ???????? ?????? ???? ??? ???? ????? ??????? ???????? ????, ??? ? ??????-????????? ?? ?????????? , ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ????????.

????? ?????????? ??????? ?? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

???? ? ?????? ???????? ??? ?- 1919 , ???? ????? ??????? ????? ????? ???? ? ?????? ???? ?????? ? ??????? ??????????? ?????, ??????? ??? ??? ?????? ????? ???? ?????? ???? . ????, ????? ???? ?-20 ?? ??? ??????? ?????, ???? ???????? ?? ?????? ????? ????? ??????, ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ??????? ??? ?????? ???? ?????? ?????. ??? ????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ??????, ??? ??????? ?- 1927 ???? ???? ????: ??? ???? ????? ??????? ????? ??????? ?? ???????? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ??????? ??????? ???? .

???? ?? ??? ???? ????? ???? ?? ??????, ??? ????? ????? ?? ???? ??? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ????? ??? ??, ???????? ???? ????? ????? ??????? ????? ?? ?????. ??? ????????? ???? ???? ??? ???. ?-1929 ??? ????? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ?? ??? ???? ?? ????? ???????? ???????, ??? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ???? ?????, ??? ???? ?????? ????. ?????, ?????????? ??? ?????? ????? ???????????, ???? ?- 1930 ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ??????????, ????? ?? 4.5 ????' . ????? ????? ??????? ?????? ?- 2 ?????? 1931 . ????? ???? ????? ?? 1800 ???? , ?? ????? ??????? ?????? ? ?????? ?????? ?? 80,000 ??????? ???? . ?- 1932 ????? ???? ?????? ???? ?? ??????, ?????? ?????? ???? ??????.

?- 1932 ??? ????? ????????? ????? 27 ????' ????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ?? ?? 3MeV, ?????? ????? ???? ?? ???????? ?? 6MeV. ????? ????? ????, ?????? ?? ?????, ??????????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ????? ????????. ?- 1937 ??? ????? ????????? ????? 37 ????', ???? ???? ????? ??????? ?? ?????? ?? 8MeV, ??- 1939 ??? ????????? ????? 60 ????' ????? ??????? ?? ??????? ?? 16MeV. ???? ?????? ???????? ??? ?????? ???????? ?? ???? ??? ????? ?????????? ???????? ?????? ???, ???? ????? ???? ?-40 ??? ????? ?????? ??????? ???? ?? ????? ???????, ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ??????? ? ?????? ??????? .

?????? ?????? ?? ???????????? ??? ????? ????????? ???????????? ???????? ??????, ?? ??? ?????? ???????? ??? ???????? ??????? ???????? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ???? ???? ???????? ?????, ?????? ?????? ???????, ????? ?????? ???? (?? ?? ??? ????? ?? ??????? ?????) ???? ????? ??????? ???? ???. ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ???? ??????, ????????????? ??????? ??. ?? ??????? ????? ?????? ???. ???? ?? ????? ?????? ????????? ???????????? ?? ?????? ??????, ???? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????, ??? ????? ???????. ???? ??? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ?????. ?????? ??? ??? ? ??????? , ???? ?? ?? ?????? ???? ??????? , ?????? ? ????????? .

?? ????, ????? ????????????? ???? ????? ????? ?????, ??????? ??? ?? ????? ???? ????????? ???????????? (???? ?????? ???????), ??? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ?????? . ?? ????? ?????????? ?? ???????? ? ???? , ?? ?? ??? ????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ??????, ??? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ????????? ?????? ?????? ?? ???????? ?? ?????? ????????? ?????? ?????????? ?????? ??????? .

??????????? ?????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

?????? ?????? ???? ???? ???????????. ????? ??? ???"? ???? ??? ??? . ???????? ?????? ?? ?????? ???? ?????? ??? ?????? ???? ??????????? ?????? . ????? ????? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ??????. ????? ????? ???? ????? ????????? ??????? ????'???, ??????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ???????. ?????????? ????? ??? ???? ???? ???? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ????. ???? ?????? ???? ??????? ??? ?? ??????? ?????? -18 ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ????????? PET . ????? ????? ?? ?? ???? ???? ?? ????????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ?? ???????? ???? ???? ? ????? .