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???????? ??? ??? ???? ????? ? ??????????? . ?? ???? ????? ?? ??????? ????? ??? ????? ??? . ??????? ?????????? ????? ???????? ??? ?? ??? ????? ????? ?? ????? ?????????? ??? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ??????? ???? ????? ?????????? ?? ??? ????? ???? ??????? ???.

???? ?? ????? ?????????? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ??? ?? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ???????? ???. ??????, ??????? ??????? , ???? ?????, ???? ????????, ? ??????? ?? ???????? ?? ???????? ???. ???????? ??? ?????? ????? ????? ?? ???? ?? ?????? ??????????? , ??? ??? ????? ?? ??? ???? ?? ?????? ???? ???. ????? ???, ?????? ??????? ???? ?? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???? ???? ????? ???? ???? ????? ?? ???? ??????? ?????? ??? ?? ????. ?? ?? ?????? ????? ???????? ???. ????, ????? ????? ???? ????? ?? ?????? (?? ?????? ?? ??????) ?????? ??????, ?????? ??????? ????? ??? ????? ???? ?????????. ???????? ??? ???? ????? ????? ???? ???????? ????? ?? ???? ????, ????? ?? ?? ?????? ????????? ??? ?? ??? ????? ??? ???.

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???? ??????? ?? ???????? ??? ????????????, ???????? ?????? ??????:

?????? ????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

  • Callen, H.B. (1960/1985). Thermodynamics and an Introduction to Thermostatistics , (1st edition 1960) 2nd edition 1985, Wiley, New York, ISBN  0-471-86256-8 .


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