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Paul Milgrom
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?????? ???????	Steven Stern , Yeon-Koo Che , Eric Talley , Bo Li , Susan Athey , Valter Sorana , Lixin Ye , Yumiko Baba , Hongbin Cai , Namhoon Kwon , John William Hatfield , Jonathan Michael Paul , Olivier Compte , Daniel Quint , Yuan-Chuan Lien , Eduardo Perez , Michihiro Kandori , Gillian Hadfield , Joshua Gans , Gillian Kereldena Hadfield , Mohammad Akbarpour , Shengwu Li , Luis Cabral , Fai Tong Chung , Piotr Dworczak , Afshin Nikzad
????? ??????	??? ???? ?????? ( 2008 ) ; ??? ?'?? ???? ?????? ???? ( 2018 ) ; Savage Award ( 1980 ) ; ??? ???? ?????? ( 2020 ) ; Clarivate Citation Laureates ( 2007 ) ; ???? ????? ??????????? ( 1983 ) ; ??? ???? ???? ?? ??? BBVA ( 2012 ) ; ???? ???????? ; ???? ??????? ????????? ???????? ??????? ; ????? ????-???? ;
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??? ????? ??????? (? ?????? : Paul Robert Milgrom ; ???? ?- 20 ?????? 1948 ) ??? ????? ????? - ??????? . ??? ??????? ????? ???? ? ?????????? ??????? ??? ?-1987. ??????? ??? ????? ? ???? ??????? ????, ?????? ? ?????? ???????? ??????????? ????? ????.

??????? ??? ???? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ???? 2020, ??? ?? ????? ?????? , "?? ??????? ????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ????? ?? ?????? ???????." ^[1]^[2] ??????? ?????? ?????? ????????, ????? ??????, ????? ?? ???????? ?????? ??????? ????? ?? ?-FCC ?????? ???? ???? ??????? ???? ?? ?????? ?????????. ??????? ????? ?? ?? ????? ????? ?? ???? ???????? ???? 2016?2017, ???? ????? ?????? ??-????? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ???????? ???????? ??? ??? ??????. ^[3]

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??? ??????? ???? ? ?????? , ??????, ??20 ?????? 1948, ^[4] ???? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ??????? ????? ?????? ??????? ??? ?????? ??????????. ^[5] ???? ????, ????? ????? (?????) ??????? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ???? ???, ????? ???? ?????????? ??? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????. ^[6]

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]} ??????? ???? ?? ??????? ? ?????????? ?????? ???? 1970 ?? ???? ??? ? ??????? . ^[7] ??? ??? ??????? ???? ???? ???? ? ?? ???????? ????? ?????? ??????????, ????? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ? ????????, ????? . ??????? ??? ????? ????? ????????? ???? 1974. ???? 1975 ???? ??????? ??????? ???? ??? ??????????? ??????? ??????? MBA. ???? ???? ??????? ??? ????? ?????? ??????? . ^[^{???? ????
]} ???? ???? ??? ? ????????? ???? 1978 ???????? ?????? ???? 1979. ????? ???????? ??? ?? ???? ??????? ???????? ???? ???? ?????? ?????'. ^[^{???? ????
]} ???? ?? ??? ?? ?????? ??????? ???????? ?? ??????? ??????? ????????. ????? ?????? ????????, ????? ??????, ??? ????? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ??????? ?? ?????? ???? ??????? ??????? .

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???????? 2020, ??????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ??????, ?????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ??????, ?????? ??? "?????? ?????????? ??? ???? ??????? ????? ?? ?????? ??????? ???? ?????? ???????? ???? ????? ????? ??????, ???? ????? ????. ????????? ?????? ???????, ?????? ??????? ????? ????? ?????." ^[1]

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Milgrom, Paul (1979a). The Structure of Information in Competitive Bidding . New York: Garland Press. (Ph.D. Dissertation)
Milgrom, Paul (1979b). "A Convergence Theorem for Competitive Bidding with Differential Information". Econometrica . 47 (3): 679?88. doi : 10.2307/1910414 . JSTOR 1910414 .
Milgrom, Paul (1981a). "An Axiomatic Characterization of Common Knowledge" (PDF) . Econometrica . 49 (1): 219?222. doi : 10.2307/1911137 . JSTOR 1911137 .
Milgrom, Paul (1981b). "Rational Expectations, Information Acquisition, and Competitive Bidding". Econometrica . 49 (4): 921?943. doi : 10.2307/1912511 . JSTOR 1912511 .
Milgrom, Paul (1981c). "Good News and Bad News: Representation Theorems and Applications". Bell Journal of Economics . 12 (2): 380?91. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.465.6331 . doi : 10.2307/3003562 . JSTOR 3003562 .
Milgrom, Paul; Roberts, John (1982). "Limit Pricing and Entry Under Incomplete Information: An Equilibrium Analysis" (PDF) . Econometrica . 50 (2): 443?59. doi : 10.2307/1912637 . JSTOR 1912637 .
Milgrom, Paul; Roberts, John Roberts (1982). "Predation, Reputation, and Entry Deterrence" (PDF) . Journal of Economic Theory . 27 (2): 280?312. doi : 10.1016/0022-0531(82)90031-X . ISSN 0022-0531 .
Milgrom, Paul; Stokey, Nancy (1982). "Information, Trade and Common Knowledge" (PDF) . Journal of Economic Theory . 26 (1): 17?27. doi : 10.1016/0022-0531(82)90046-1 .
Milgrom, Paul; Weber, Robert (1982a). "The Value of Information in a Sealed Bid Auction" (PDF) . Journal of Mathematical Economics . 10 (1): 105?14. doi : 10.1016/0304-4068(82)90008-8 . ISSN 0304-4068 .
Milgrom, Paul; Weber, Robert (1982b). "A Theory of Auctions and Competitive Bidding". Econometrica . 50 (5): 1089?1122. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.186.4633 . doi : 10.2307/1911865 . JSTOR 1911865 .
Kreps, David; Milgrom, Paul; Roberts, John; Wilson, Robert (1982). "Rational Cooperation in the Finitely?Repeated Prisoners' Dilemma" (PDF) . Journal of Economic Theory . 27 (2): 245?252. doi : 10.1016/0022-0531(82)90029-1 . {{ cite journal }}: ?????? - ?????: ????? ?????? authors ( link )
Engelbrecht-Wiggans, R.; Milgrom, Paul R.; Weber, Robert J. (1983). "Competitive bidding and proprietary information" (PDF) . Journal of Mathematical Economics . 11 (2): 161?169. doi : 10.1016/0304-4068(83)90034-4 .
Milgrom, Paul (1984). "Axelrod's "The Evolution of Cooperation" ". The RAND Journal of Economics . 15 (2): 305?309. doi : 10.2307/2555683 . JSTOR 2555683 .
Milgrom, Paul; Weber, Robert (1985). "Distributional Strategies for Games with Incomplete Information" (PDF) . Mathematics of Operations Research . 10 (4): 619?32. doi : 10.1287/moor.10.4.619 .
Glosten, Larry; Milgrom, Paul (1985). "Bid, Ask and Transactions Prices in a Specialist Market with Insider Trading". Journal of Financial Economics . 14 (1): 71?100. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.460.947 . doi : 10.1016/0304-405X(85)90044-3 . ISSN 0304-405X .
Milgrom, Paul; Roberts, John (1986a). "Price and Advertising Signals of Product Quality" (PDF) . Journal of Political Economy . 94 (4): 796?821. doi : 10.1086/261408 . JSTOR 1833203 .
Milgrom, Paul; Roberts, John (1986b). "Relying on the Information of Interested Parties" (PDF) . The RAND Journal of Economics . 17 (1): 18?32. doi : 10.2307/2555625 . JSTOR 2555625 .
Holmstrom, Bengt; Milgrom, Paul (1987). "Aggregation and Linearity in the Provision of Intertemporal Incentives" (PDF) . Econometrica . 55 (2): 303?328. doi : 10.2307/1913238 . JSTOR 1913238 .
Milgrom, Paul; Roberts, John (1987). "Informational Asymmetries, Strategic Behavior, and Industrial Organization". The American Economic Review . 77 (2): 184?193. JSTOR 1805448 .
Milgrom, Paul; Oster, Sharon (1987). "Job Discrimination, Market Forces and the Invisibility Hypothesis" (PDF) . Quarterly Journal of Economics . 102 (3): 453?476. doi : 10.2307/1884213 . JSTOR 1884213 .
Milgrom, Paul; Roberts, John (1988). "An Economic Approach to Influence Activities and Organizational Responses". American Journal of Sociology . 94 : S154?S179. doi : 10.1086/228945 . JSTOR 2780245 .
Milgrom, Paul (1988). "Employment Contracts, Influence Activities, and Efficient Organization Design". Journal of Political Economy . 96 (1): 42?60. doi : 10.1086/261523 . JSTOR 1830709 .
Milgrom, Paul and John Roberts (1988). "Communication and Inventories as Substitutes in Organizing Production". Scandinavian Journal of Economics . 90 (3): 275?289. doi : 10.2307/3440309 . JSTOR 3440309 .
Milgrom, Paul (1989). "Auctions and Bidding: A Primer". The Journal of Economic Perspectives . 3 (3): 3?22. doi : 10.1257/jep.3.3.3 . JSTOR 1942756 .
Fudenberg, Drew; Holmstrom, Bengt and Paul Milgrom (1990). "Short-term contracts and long-term agency relationships". Journal of Economic Theory . 51 (1): 154?159. doi : 10.1016/0022-0531(90)90048-O . hdl : 1721.1/64269 . JSTOR 2006561 . {{ cite journal }}: ?????? - ?????: ????? ?????? authors ( link )
Milgrom, Paul; Roberts, John (1990a). "The Efficiency of Equity in Organizational Decision Processes". The American Economic Review . 80 (2): 1?31. doi : 10.1016/0022-0531(90)90048-O . hdl : 1721.1/64269 . ISSN 0022-0531 . JSTOR 2006561 .
Milgrom, Paul; Roberts, John (1990b). "The Economics of Modern Manufacturing: Technology, Strategy and Organization". American Economic Review . 80 (3): 511?28. JSTOR 2006681 .
Milgrom, Paul; Roberts, John (1990c). "Rationalizability, Learning and Equilibrium in Games With Strategic Complementarities". Econometrica . 58 (6): 1255?1278. doi : 10.2307/2938316 . JSTOR 2938316 .
Milgrom, Paul; North, Douglass C.; Weingast, Barry R. (1990). "The role of institutions in the revival of trade: the law merchant, private judges, and the champagne fairs". Economics and Politics . 2 (1): 1?23. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.669.1678 . doi : 10.1111/j.1468-0343.1990.tb00020.x .
Holmstrom, Bengt; Milgrom, Paul (1991). "Multitask Principal-Agent Analyses: Incentive Contracts, Asset Ownership and Job Design". Journal of Law, Economics, & Organization . 7 : 303?328. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.715.3715 . doi : 10.1093/jleo/7.special_issue.24 . JSTOR 764957 .
Abreu, D.; Milgrom, Paul; Pearce, David (1991). "Information and Timing in Repeated Partnerships". Econometrica . 59 (6): 1713?1733. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.295.1370 . doi : 10.2307/2938286 . JSTOR 2938286 .
Milgrom, Paul; Qian, Yingi; Roberts, John (1991). "Complementarities, Momentum, and the Evolution of Modern Manufacturing". The American Economic Review . 81 (2): 84?88. JSTOR 2006831 . {{ cite journal }}: ?????? - ?????: ????? ?????? authors ( link )
Milgrom, Paul; Roberts, John (1991). "Adaptive and sophisticated learning in normal form games". Games and Economic Behavior . 82 (100): 82?100. doi : 10.1016/0899-8256(91)90006-Z . ISSN 0899-8256 .
Milgrom, Paul; Roberts, John (1992). Economics, Organization and Management . Prentice Hall. ISBN 978-0132246507 .
Bresnahan, Timothy F.; Milgrom, Paul; Paul, Jonathan (1992). "The Real Output of the Stock Exchange". Output Measurement in the Services Sectors : 195?216.
Meyer, Margaret ; Paul Milgrom; Roberts, John (1992). "Organizational Prospects, Influence Costs, and Ownership Changes". Journal of Economics & Management Strategy . 1 (1): 9?35. doi : 10.1111/j.1430-9134.1992.00009.x .
Milgrom, Paul (1994). "Comparing Optima: Do Simplifying Assumptions Affect Conclusions?". Journal of Political Economy . 102 (3): 607?615. doi : 10.1086/261948 . JSTOR 2138625 .
Milgrom, Paul; Roberts, John (1994). "Comparing Equilibria". The American Economic Review . 84 (3): 441?459. JSTOR 2118061 .
Milgrom, Paul; Shannon, Chris (1994). "Monotone Comparative Statics". Econometrica . 62 (1): 157?180. doi : 10.2307/2951479 . JSTOR 2951479 .
Holmstrom, Bengt; Milgrom, Paul (1994). "The Firm as an Incentive System". The American Economic Review . 84 (4): 972?991. JSTOR 2118041 .
Greif, Avner; Milgrom, Paul; Weingast, Barry R. (1994). "Coordination, Commitment, and Enforcement: The Case of the Merchant Guild". Journal of Political Economy . 102 (4): 745?776. doi : 10.1086/261953 . JSTOR 2138763 . {{ cite journal }}: ?????? - ?????: ????? ?????? authors ( link )
Milgrom, Paul; Roberts, John (1994). "Complementarities and Fit: Strategy, Structure and Organizational Change in Manufacturing". Journal of Accounting and Economics . 19 (2?3): 179?208. doi : 10.1016/0165-4101(94)00382-f . ISSN 0165-4101 .
Milgrom, Paul; Roberts, John (1995). "The Economics of Modern Manufacturing: Reply". The American Economic Review . 85 (4): 997?999. JSTOR 2118249 .
Milgrom, Paul; Roberts, John (1996a). "The LeChatelier Principle". The American Economic Review . 86 (1): 113?128. JSTOR 2118261 .
Milgrom, Paul; Roberts, John (1996b). "Coalition-Proofness and Correlation with Arbitrary Communication Possibilities". Games and Economic Behavior . 17 (1): 173?179. doi : 10.1006/game.1996.0096 .
Milgrom, Paul (1998). "Game theory and the spectrum auctions". European Economic Review . 42 (3?5): 771?778. doi : 10.1016/S0014-2921(97)00146-3 . ISSN 0014-2921 .
Milgrom, Paul (2000). "Putting Auction Theory to Work: The Simulteneous Ascending Auction". Journal of Political Economy . 108 (2): 245?272. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.195.7314 . doi : 10.1086/262118 . JSTOR 262118 .
Ausubel, Lawrence M.; Milgrom, Paul (2002). "Ascending Auctions with Package Bidding". The B.E. Journal of Theoretical Economics . 1 (1). CiteSeerX 10.1.1.528.8990 . doi : 10.2202/1534-5963.1019 . ISSN 1534-5963 . S2CID 1083684 .
Milgrom, Paul; Segal, Ilya (2002). "Envelope Theorems for Arbitrary Choice Sets". Econometrica . 70 (2): 583?601. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.217.4736 . doi : 10.1111/1468-0262.00296 . JSTOR 2692283 . SSRN 312251 .
Milgrom, Paul (2004). Putting Auction Theory to Work . Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-53672-1 .
Hatfield, John W.; Milgrom, Paul (2005). "Matching with Contracts" . The American Economic Review . 95 (4): 913?935. doi : 10.1257/0002828054825466 . JSTOR 4132699 .
Ausubel, Lawrence M.; Cramton, Peter; Milgrom, Paul (2006). Cramton, Peter; Shoham, Yoav; Steinberg, Richard (eds.). "The Clock-Proxy Auction: A Practical Combinatorial Auction Design". In Combinatorial Auctions, Edited by Cramton, P., Shoham, Y., and Steinberg, R . MIT Press. doi : 10.7551/mitpress/9780262033428.001.0001 . ISBN 978-0-2620-3342-8 . {{ cite journal }}: ?????? - ?????: multiple names: authors list ( link )
Ausubel, Lawrence M.; Milgrom, Paul (2006a). Cramton, P.; Shoham, Y.; Steinberg, R. (eds.). "The Lovely but Lonely Vickrey Auction". In Combinatorial Auctions . MIT press: 17?40. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.120.7158 . doi : 10.7551/mitpress/9780262033428.003.0002 . ISBN 9780262033428 .
Ausubel, Lawrence M.; Milgrom, Paul (2006b). Cramton, P.; Shoham, Y.; Steinberg, R. (eds.). "Ascending Proxy Auctions". In Combinatorial Auctions .
Milgrom, Paul (2007). "Package Auctions and Exchanges". Econometrica . 75 (4): 935?965. doi : 10.1111/j.1468-0262.2007.00778.x . JSTOR 4502017 .
Milgrom, Paul (2008). "What the Seller Won't Tell You: Persuasion and Disclosure in Markets" . Journal of Economic Perspectives . 22 (2): 115?131. doi : 10.1257/jep.22.2.115 . JSTOR 27648244 .
Hall, Robert E.; Milgrom, Paul R. (2008). "The Limited Influence of Unemployment on the Wage Bargain". The American Economic Review . 98 (4): 1653?1674. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.516.6267 . doi : 10.1257/aer.98.4.1653 . JSTOR 29730140 . S2CID 18040832 .
Day, R.; Milgrom, Paul (2008). "Core-selecting package auctions". International Journal of Game Theory . 36 (3?4): 393?407. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.529.9950 . doi : 10.1007/s00182-007-0100-7 . S2CID 7593117 .
Milgrom, Paul (2009). "Assignment Messages and Exchanges". American Economic Journal: Microeconomics . 1 (2): 95?113. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.487.2981 . doi : 10.1257/mic.1.2.95 .
Milgrom, Paul; Bruno Strulovici (2009). "Substitute goods, auctions, and equilibrium". Journal of Economic Theory . 144 (1): 212?247. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.497.9686 . doi : 10.1016/j.jet.2008.05.002 .
Milgrom, Paul (2010). "Ascending Prices and Package Bidding: A Theoretical and Experimental Analysis". American Economic Journal: Microeconomics . 2 (3): 160?185. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.727.4004 . doi : 10.1257/mic.2.3.160 .
Milgrom, Paul (2010). "Simplified mechanisms with an application to sponsored-search auctions". Games and Economic Behavior . 70 (1): 62?70. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.151.6989 . doi : 10.1016/j.geb.2008.12.003 . SSRN 1022220 .
Levin, Jonathan; Milgrom, Paul (2010). "Online Advertising: Heterogeneity and Conflation in Market Design". American Economic Review . 100 (2): 603?607. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.727.1750 . doi : 10.1257/aer.100.2.603 .
Milgrom, Paul (2011). "Critical Issues in the Practice of Market Design". Economic Inquiry . 49 (2): 311?320. doi : 10.1111/j.1465-7295.2010.00357.x . S2CID 153765277 .
Budish, E.; Che, Y.-K.; Kojima, F.; Milgrom, Paul (2013). "Designing Random Allocation Mechanisms: Theory and Applications". American Economic Review . 103 (2): 585?623. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.649.5582 . doi : 10.1257/aer.103.2.585 .
To Improve Auction Theory Paul R. Milgrom and Robert B. Wilson got Nobel in economics (?????? ???? ????)

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????? ???? , ??? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ???????: ??? ??????? ?????? ??????? , ???? TheMarker ‏, 12 ???????? 2020
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???????? ??????? , ??? ???? ?????? ???? ???????? ?"????? ?? ???? ??????? ????????" , ???? ynet , 12 ???????? 2020
????? ???????, ? ?????? ???? ????? ??????: ??? ??????? ?????? ??????? , ???? ????? ??????? , 12 ???????? 2020

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^ ¹ ² "The Prize in Economic Sciences 2020" (PDF) (Press release). Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences. 12 ???????? 2020 . {{ cite press release }}: ( ???? )
^ Riley, Charles. "Nobel Prize in economics awarded to Paul Milgrom and Robert Wilson for auction theory" . ???? ?- 12 ???????? 2020 . {{ cite web }}: ( ???? )
^ Incentive Auction Rules Option and Discussion September 12, 2012.
^ "Curriculum Vitae" . ????? ?- ????? ?-2017-08-13 . ???? ?- 2009-02-07 .
^ Schwartz, Danny. "Jewish Economist with Detroit Roots Awarded 2020 Nobel Prize in Economic Sciences ? Detroit Jewish News" . The Jewish News (??????? ????????) . ???? ?- 2020-10-12 .
^ "JEWISH NOBEL PRIZE WINNERS IN ECONOMICS" , ???? JInfo
^ "Paul Milgrom" . Stanford University . ???? ?- 2020-10-12 .

[nobelpressrelease-1] ¹ ² "The Prize in Economic Sciences 2020" (PDF) (Press release). Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences. 12 ???????? 2020 . {{ cite press release }}: ( ???? )

[2] Riley, Charles. "Nobel Prize in economics awarded to Paul Milgrom and Robert Wilson for auction theory" . ???? ?- 12 ???????? 2020 . {{ cite web }}: ( ???? )

[fcc-3] Incentive Auction Rules Option and Discussion September 12, 2012.

[4] "Curriculum Vitae" . ????? ?- ????? ?-2017-08-13 . ???? ?- 2009-02-07 .

[5] Schwartz, Danny. "Jewish Economist with Detroit Roots Awarded 2020 Nobel Prize in Economic Sciences ? Detroit Jewish News" . The Jewish News (??????? ????????) . ???? ?- 2020-10-12 .

[6] "JEWISH NOBEL PRIZE WINNERS IN ECONOMICS" , ???? JInfo

[:0-7] "Paul Milgrom" . Stanford University . ???? ?- 2020-10-12 .

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2001 ?????	?????? , ???? , ??????? (2001) ? ????? , ????' (2002) ? ???? , ??????'? (2003) ? ?????? , ?????? (2004) ? ???? , ????? (2005) ? ???? (2006) ? ??????? , ????? , ??????? (2007) ? ?????? (2008) ? ??????? , ????????? (2009) ? ??????? , ??????? , ??????? (2010) ? ???? , ???'?? (2011) ? ??? , ???? (2012) ? ???? , ???? , ???? (2013) ? ????? (2014) ? ????? (2015) ? ???? , ????????? (2016) ? ?'???? (2017) ? ???????? , ???? (2018) ? ???? , ?????'? , ????? (2019) ? ??????? , ?????? (2020) ? ?????? , ??????? , ???? (2021) ? ?????? , ??????? , ??????? (2022)