???????

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	???? ??????? ?? ?????? ????? ??????
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MeSH	D001766
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ICD-11	9D90.4

??????? ??? ??? ?? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ? ????? , ????? ???? ?? ???????. ?????? ????? ? ??? ???? , ??????? ???? ?????? ? ???? ?? ????? .

????? ??????? ?????? (?? ???????) ????? ?? ?? ????? ?? ??????? ????? ? ??? ????? ????? ????? ? ??? NLP (no light perception) ^[1]. ??????? ????? ?? ???? ????? ???? ???? ????? ??? . ???? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ??????? ???????, ???? ????? ?? 3/60.

????? ?????? ???????? ??? ????? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ?? 20° ???? ?????? ???? ^[2]^[3]. ?????? ?????? ?????? ? ???? ?????? ??????? ????? ????? .

???? ?- AMD ??? ????? ?????? ????? ???????? ??????? ???????? ^[4]. AMD ???? ????? ????????? , ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ????, ????? ???????? ??????? ???? ?? ???????, ????? ????? ?????? ?-AMD, ?????? ???????? ???? ???? ^[5]. ????? ?-AMD ?????? ???????? ????? ?????? ??? ???????? ^[6]. ????? ???, ??????? ???? ?????, ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ???????? ??? ????? , ???? ?? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ^[7]^[8].

????? ??????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

???? ????? ??????? ????, ?? ???? ?????? ???? ???????? ???????: ??????? (???? ?????) ???? ????? ???????? ^[9]^[10], ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?? ?? , ?? ?????? , ????? ??? ???? ? ????? ????, ?? ?? ???? ?????? ??????? ???? (????? ???? ???? ?????? ????). ??????? ???? ?????? ?? ??????? ????? ??????? ?????? ????? ???? (???? ?????), ?? ???????.

??????? ?????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

??????? ?????? ???? ????? ??????? ??????, ?/?? ??????? ?? ???????, ???? ????? ???? ?????? ^[11]. ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ??????? (?? ????? ??????, ????? ?????? ?????) ?????? ??????? ?????? ^[12], ??? ????, ?????? ?????? ( ??' ) ?? ??? ???? ?????, ??????? ???? ??????? ^[13] ??? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ^[14] ????? ????????. ????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?-Retinal pigment epithelium ( ??' ) (???? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ????????????? ?????? ????? ), ?? ?????? ??????? ????????????? .

????? ??????? ????? ????? ????? ??????, ?? ????? ???????? ?????? ????? ??? ^[15], ?? ????? ??????? ?????? ^[16]^[17]^[18]. ????? ?? ???? ???????, ????? ?????? ??????? ???????? .

???? ??????? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ? ???????? ^[11].

??????? ???????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

????? ?? ?????? ???, ?? ??? , ?? ??? ? ??? ?????? ?????? ????? ???????? ??. ??????? ??? (?? ????? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ) ????? ????? ???? ????? ??????? ????????? ?? ?????? ( LGN , V1 ). ????? ??????? ???? ??????, ????? ?????? ??????? ????? ?? ????? ??????, ?? ?? ????????.

????? ?- Blindsight ????? ????? ?????? ?? ???????, ???? ?????? ???? ?????????, ?? ?? ?"????" ???? ???? ? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ^[19]^[20], ??? ????? ????? ^[21]^[22].

???????? ????? ?????????, ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ???????? , ????? ?? ??? ???? ^[23].

????? ????????? ????? ?????? ?? ? ??? ?????? , ???? ????? ? ???? ??????? , ?? ???? ??????? ?-?? ????? ?????? , ???? ?????. ????? ???, ???? ?????? ?? ? ????? ?????? .

?????? ?????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

? ????? ??????? ??? ???? ???????? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ?????, ?????? ??????? ????????. ????? ???? ??????? ?? ???? ???? .

????? ?????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

????? ????? ?? ???????? ?????? ???? ?????, ????? ??? ??? ??? ????? ? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ???? ???? "?????" ??????? ????? . ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ( ??' ) , ????? ????? ( ??' ) , ??? ???? ???????? ? ??? ????? . ?????? ?? ????? ???????? ????, ???? ????? ????? ????? ?"???" ?????? ?? ??? ???, ?????? ??? ???? ????? ???????? , ?????? ?????? .

?????? ???? ??????, ???? ?????? ???????? ???????? ??????? ???? ???? ????? ?????, ????? ?? ????? ????? ????? ?? ????? ????? ? ??? ?????? (???? ????? ???????? ????????? ) ^{[????? ?????]}. ????? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ????????? ???? ????? ???? ???, ?? ????? ??????? ????? ?????, ??? 3/60. ??? ??????, ???? ??? ????? 4 ?????, ???? ???? ????? ?? ????????, ???? ?????? ?? 3/60 ?? ????. ????, ?????? ??????, ????? ????? ??????? ???? ?? ?????? ???????? ?? ????? ??? .

?? ?????? ????, ??? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ??????, ???? ????? ??????, ????? ??????, ?? ??? ????? ??????? ????? ?????, ???? ??????? ?????? ?? ????? , ?????? ??????????, ???????? ????? ???? (??"?) ????? ????? ????.

??? ?????? ???????? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??? ?????? ????. ??????? ?????? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ??????, ???? ???? ???? ????????? ??? ???????? ????? ??????? ????? ??. ????? ??????? ??? ??? ???? ????? ????? ???? ????? ???????? ??????, ???????? ????? ?? ??????? ???????. ????? ?????, ?????? ???? ????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ???. ??? ???????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????. ?????? ??? ??? ???? ????? ? ???? ????? ?????.

?????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?? ???? ????? (???? ???? ????????) ?????? ?? ?????? ????? ????????? ?????? ?????, ????? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ????? ?????.

??????? ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ???? (??) , ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ??????? ?? ???? ??????, ?????? ????? ??????? ????? ????.

?????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

?-6 ????? ????? ?????? ? ?????? ??? , ??? ??????? ?? ??????? ?????? ?????.

?-11 ???????? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????????.

????? ???????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

????? ????? ????? ????? ??????? ??????? ?? ??????? ??????? ????????? .

????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ? ????, ????? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ????. ? ????? ?????? ????? ??????, ????? ???????, ??????? ????? ???? ????? ????? ???????.
???? ????????
???????
?'??? ???????? ^[24]

???? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??????, ??? ???? ????? . ?????, ???? ?????? ????? ??????? ?????? ????????. ??????, ??????? ????????? ?????? ???????? .

??????? ??????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

???? ???????? ? ????? : 23,102 (?????? 2013 ??? ????? ???? ?????? ^[25]).
???? ???????? ?????: ?-39 ??????. ???? ????? ?????? ?????: ?-246 ?????? (???? ??????? 2014) ^[26].

??? ?? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

??????
?????? ???????? ?????????
???? ??????
?????? ?????
Argus ii - ???? ???? ??? ????? ????? ????? ????? ???????
??? ???????? ?????
???? ????? ?? ???? ?????

?????? ????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

??, ?' (2011). "????? ???? ??????: ???????? ?????? ?? ??????? ????? ????? ???????", ????: ?' ?????, ?' ????? ??' ????? (??????). ??????? ?????? ????? ????? . ????: "???? ????? ????". 87 - 110.

??????? ???????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

???? ????? ????? , ???? ???
???? ?????????', "?? ???? ???? ?? ?? ???? ????" - ?? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ??????? , ???? " ????? ????? ", 20 ????? 2002
????? ????????, 28.6.1954 / ?????? ??????? ??????? ????? , ???? ???? , 28 ????? 2012
???? ???? , ? ?????? ????? , ??????? 6, ????? 2010
????? ?????, ??????? ????? , ???? ????????? ?????? ?????, 7 ???????? 2013
????? ??????, ??????? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? , ???? ynet , 14 ?????? 2015
??????? ?????? ????? , ???? ?? ????
???? ???? ???? ???, ?????' - ???????? ?? ????: ??????? , 1 ??????? 2016
????? ?? ????? | ????? ?? ??????? , ????? ????? "??? 11 - ????? ?????? ???????", ???? ?????? (????: 25:53)
??????? , ???? ??????????? ???????? (???????)
??????? , ?? ??? ? ?????? ???????

???? ??? ?? ??? ????? ?? ???? ??? ?????? ?????? 2018-01-07, ??????? ????? ?????? ???? ??? ???? ??????? ??????. ( ???? )

????? ??????? ??????

????? ?????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

^ Nicholas Gerbis published, Can Blind People See Anything? , livescience.com, ‏2012-01-24 (???????)
^ ??????? ?????? ????? , ???? ???? ??????
^ ????? ????? , ???? ?? ????
^ https://bjo.bmj.com/content/85/3/261
^ (???? ??? ??????)
^ https://www.tasmc.org.il/Articles/Opthalmology/Pages/glaucoma-theif-of-sight.aspx
^ https://www.medico.co.il/?????-??????/??????-?????/
^ https://cbchealthservices.org/cataract-leading-cause-of-blindness-in-the-world/
^ ????? ????? ?????? , ???? Keren Or Inc
^ https://www.eliya.org.il/????-??????/????-?????-?????????/
^ ¹ ² https://www.miok.co.il/blogs/NDI=_?????-??????-??????
^ ??????? ???? ?????? ?????? , ???? www.enaim.co.il
^ https://www.proteinatlas.org/humanproteome/tissue/retina The retina proteome
^ https://sph.uth.edu/retnet/disease.htm ????? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??? ??
^ Technology | Nano Retina , www.nano-retina.com
^ Jose-Alain Sahel, Elise Boulanger-Scemama, Chloe Pagot, Angelo Arleo, Francesco Galluppi, Joseph N. Martel, Simona Degli Esposti, Alexandre Delaux, Jean-Baptiste de Saint Aubert, Caroline de Montleau, Emmanuel Gutman, Isabelle Audo, Jens Duebel, Serge Picaud, Deniz Dalkara, Laure Blouin, Magali Taiel, Botond Roska, Partial recovery of visual function in a blind patient after optogenetic therapy , Nature Medicine , 2021-05-24, ??' 1?7 doi : 10.1038/s41591-021-01351-4
^ Sara Reardon, Injection of light-sensitive proteins restores blind man’s vision , Nature , 2021-05-24 doi : 10.1038/d41586-021-01421-0
^ Office of the Commissioner, FDA approves novel gene therapy to treat patients with a rare form of inherited vision loss , FDA, ‏2020-03-24 (???????)
^ ??????? ????????: ?? ??????? ???????? ???? ????? ?????? , ???? ???? ?????, ‏2018-06-05
^ ???????? | ???? ?????: ?? ?????, ????? ??????? - ????? ????? ?? ????' ??? ????? , ???? ???????? | ????? ???????? ??????????? ??????
^ [1]
^ Alison Abbott, Not blind to emotion , Nature , 2009-09-28 doi : 10.1038/news.2009.956
^ A new implant for blind people jacks directly into the brain , MIT Technology Review (???????)
^ ????? ?????! ?????‏, "????? ??????" ?????? ??'??? ???????? , ???? ????? ‏, 28 ???? 2008
^ ????? ???????? - ?????? ????????? , ??? ???? ?????? .
^ Visual impairment and blindness , ??? ????? ??????? ?????? (WHO)

[1] Nicholas Gerbis published, Can Blind People See Anything? , livescience.com, ‏2012-01-24 (???????)

[2] ??????? ?????? ????? , ???? ???? ??????

[3] ????? ????? , ???? ?? ????

[4] ttps://bjo.bmj.com/content/85/3/261

[5] (???? ??? ??????)

[6] ttps://www.tasmc.org.il/Articles/Opthalmology/Pages/glaucoma-theif-of-sight.aspx

[7] ttps://www.medico.co.il/?????-??????/??????-?????/

[8] ttps://cbchealthservices.org/cataract-leading-cause-of-blindness-in-the-world/

[9] ????? ????? ?????? , ???? Keren Or Inc

[10] ttps://www.eliya.org.il/????-??????/????-?????-?????????/

[מחלה1-11] ¹ ² https://www.miok.co.il/blogs/NDI=_?????-??????-??????

[12] ??????? ???? ?????? ?????? , ???? www.enaim.co.il

[13] ttps://www.proteinatlas.org/humanproteome/tissue/retina The retina proteome

[14] ttps://sph.uth.edu/retnet/disease.htm ????? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??? ??

[15] Technology | Nano Retina , www.nano-retina.com

[16] Jose-Alain Sahel, Elise Boulanger-Scemama, Chloe Pagot, Angelo Arleo, Francesco Galluppi, Joseph N. Martel, Simona Degli Esposti, Alexandre Delaux, Jean-Baptiste de Saint Aubert, Caroline de Montleau, Emmanuel Gutman, Isabelle Audo, Jens Duebel, Serge Picaud, Deniz Dalkara, Laure Blouin, Magali Taiel, Botond Roska, Partial recovery of visual function in a blind patient after optogenetic therapy , Nature Medicine , 2021-05-24, ??' 1?7 doi : 10.1038/s41591-021-01351-4

[17] Sara Reardon, Injection of light-sensitive proteins restores blind man’s vision , Nature , 2021-05-24 doi : 10.1038/d41586-021-01421-0

[18] Office of the Commissioner, FDA approves novel gene therapy to treat patients with a rare form of inherited vision loss , FDA, ‏2020-03-24 (???????)

[19] ??????? ????????: ?? ??????? ???????? ???? ????? ?????? , ???? ???? ?????, ‏2018-06-05

[20] ???????? | ???? ?????: ?? ?????, ????? ??????? - ????? ????? ?? ????' ??? ????? , ???? ???????? | ????? ???????? ??????????? ??????

[21] [1]

[22] Alison Abbott, Not blind to emotion , Nature , 2009-09-28 doi : 10.1038/news.2009.956

[23] A new implant for blind people jacks directly into the brain , MIT Technology Review (???????)

[24] ????? ?????! ?????‏, "????? ??????" ?????? ??'??? ???????? , ???? ????? ‏, 28 ???? 2008

[25] ????? ???????? - ?????? ????????? , ??? ???? ?????? .

[26] Visual impairment and blindness , ??? ????? ??????? ?????? (WHO)

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]

[10]

[11]

[12]

[13]

[14]

[15]

[16]

[17]

[18]

[19]

[20]

[21]

[22]

[23]

[24]

[25]

[26]