?????

????? (? ?????? : Scalpel ) ?????? ?? ???? , ???? ?? ???? ?????? ^[1] , ??? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ?? ??? ????, ????? ? ????? , ? ????? ???????, ?????? ????? ?????.

??????? ?????? ????? ? ????? ?? ???? ?? ?????? ????. ??????? ?????? ????, ???? ????? ????? ???? ????? ? ????? , ?? ??????? ?????? ????, ?????? ??????. ?????? ?? ?????? ??????? ? ?????? ?? ??? ????, ???????? ??? ?????? ???? ??????.

???? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

???? ???? ?????? ???? ??? ? ???? ????? ? ?????? , ??????? ?? ???? ???? ????? ; ?????, ?????? ? ??????? , ??????, ????? ?????? ????????? ???? ??????. ??????, ??? ????? ??????? ??????? MRI , ???? ???? ???? ?????? (?????? ??? ?????? ???????, ?? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????). ?????? ????????, ????? ?????? ??? ??? . ???? ???? ?????? ?? ?? ??? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ????????? ?????? ??? ???? ?? ????? ??? ????? ????. ????? ??????? ????? ?????? ???????? ??? ???? ?? ?????? ????? ??????. ?????????? ??????? ???????? ????????? ?????? ????? ??????? ??????? .

????? ?????? ??????? ???? ???? ?????, ??? ?????. ?????? ?????? ?????? ????, ???? ?????? ?????? ??????. ???????? ??????? ??????? ??? ??? ??? ??? ???? (?????? ?? ?????? ??? ???).

????? ????? ?? ??? "???? BP", ?? ??? ?? ?'???? ???? ???? ?????? ????, ?????? ???? ???-?????. ????? ???? ???? ???? ?? ????? ????? ??? 2 ?????? ???? 1915 ?????-????? ????? ???? ????? ?? ??? ???? ?? ??????, ??? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ??????. ^[2]

?????? ???? ????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

????? ???? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

???? ?? ????? "???? ????? ????". ????? ?????? ?? ??????? ?????? ?? ??????? ???????? ????? ???? ??????, ???? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ??????? ????? ??? ?? ?????. ????? ?? ??? ????? ????? ???? ????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ????.

????? ?????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

???? ?????? ??????? ???? ?? ????? ????? ???? ?????. ????? ????? ?? ???? ????? ??????? ??????? ???? ?????? ??????? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ???????. ?? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ??? ????? ????? ????? ??? ???? ???? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ??????.

???? ????? ???? ????????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

? ??????? ?????? , ???? ???????? ????? ????? ???? ????? ??????, ?? ?????? ???????? ?????? ????? (???? ?????? ?? ?????? ??). ???? ???? ??? ???? ????, ?????? ????? ???? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ?????.

???? ????? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ?????; ????? ????? ??????? ?????? ???? ??? ??' 11. ????? ??? ????? ?????? ? ????? ??? , ?????? ??? ??? ??? ???'.

????? ????? ????? ??? ?????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

?????? ?????? ????????? ????????? ?-2100 ????"? ????? ?????? ? ????? ??????? ? ?????? . ^[3] ????????? ????? ????, ????? ?????? ?????? ???. ^[4]
? ????? ?????? , ???????? ????? ????? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ? ????????? ?????, ???? ?????? ???? ??????.
??????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ???? ??????? ???? ?? ?? ?????? ???? ??? ????? ???? ??????? ?? ????. ^[5]
?????? ?????? ?????? ????? ??150 ??????? ????????? ?????, ???? ??????. ^[6]
?????? ?????????? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ????? ????.

?????? ???? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

????? ??????, ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ???????? ?? ????? ????? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ??????? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ?????. ?? ?? ????? ????? ????? ????? ??????? , ?? 1,000 ??? ??? ??? ?????? ????? ??????? ?????? ??? ??? ????? ?????. ?????? ??? ???? ?? ???????? ????? ????? ???????, ?????? ?? ? ????? . ?????? ???? ????? 7 ???? ?? 8 ?????? ???? ??????? ???????? ????. ^[7]^[8]

????? ???????? ????? ?????? ????? ??? ??? ??, ???? ?????? ?? ???? ?????, ?? ??????? ?? ??? ????? (????? ? ???? ????? ) ????? ???????? ?? ??????. ^[9]

??? ?? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

????? ?????

??????? ???????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

???? ?????? ????? ????? ? ??????????

????? ?????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

^ ??????? ??????????? ? ????? ????? (???"?) , ???? ??????? ????? ??????
^ Ochsner, J (2009). "Surgical knife" . Texas Heart Institute Journal . 36 (5): 441?443. PMC 2763477 . PMID 19876423 .
^ Jo Marchant. "Scalpels and skulls point to Bronze Age brain surgery" . New Scientist .
^ "ARTS-CULTURE ? Excavations restarting at ?kiztepe in northern Turkey" .
^ Ochsner J (2009). "Surgical Knife" . Tex Heart Inst J . 36 (5): 441?3. PMC 2763477 . PMID 19876423 .
^ Anthea Gerrie, ? Roman ruins cast new light on a trip to doctor , The Telegraph , 9 December 2007
^ "EPINet Report: 2001 Percutaneous Injury Rates". Advances in Exposure Prevention . 6 (3): 32?36. 2003.
^ "Sharps Injury Prevention Workbook" . Cdc.gov (Centre for Disease Control and Prevention).
^ Fuentes, H., et al. (2008). "Scalpel Safety": Modeling the effectiveness of different safety devices' ability to reduce scalpel blade injuries." The International Journal of Risk & Safety in Medicine 20(1?2):83?89.

?????: ????? ?????????? ???? ?????? ???? ? ???? ????? ????? ????? .

[1] ??????? ??????????? ? ????? ????? (???"?) , ???? ??????? ????? ??????

[THIJ_Ochsner-2] Ochsner, J (2009). "Surgical knife" . Texas Heart Institute Journal . 36 (5): 441?443. PMC 2763477 . PMID 19876423 .

[3] Jo Marchant. "Scalpels and skulls point to Bronze Age brain surgery" . New Scientist .

[4] "ARTS-CULTURE ? Excavations restarting at ?kiztepe in northern Turkey" .

[5] Ochsner J (2009). "Surgical Knife" . Tex Heart Inst J . 36 (5): 441?3. PMC 2763477 . PMID 19876423 .

[6] Anthea Gerrie, ? Roman ruins cast new light on a trip to doctor , The Telegraph , 9 December 2007

[Perry2003-7] "EPINet Report: 2001 Percutaneous Injury Rates". Advances in Exposure Prevention . 6 (3): 32?36. 2003.

[CDC-8] "Sharps Injury Prevention Workbook" . Cdc.gov (Centre for Disease Control and Prevention).

[Fuentes2008-9] Fuentes, H., et al. (2008). "Scalpel Safety": Modeling the effectiveness of different safety devices' ability to reduce scalpel blade injuries." The International Journal of Risk & Safety in Medicine 20(1?2):83?89.

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