??? ????

??? ????
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???? :	?????????
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	beta vulgaris var succhrina
???? ?????

??? ???? ( ?? ???? : beta vulgaris var succhrina ) ??? ?? ?? ??? , ?????? ???? ? ?????? . ?????? ???? ? ????? ????? ????? ???? ???? ??? .

??????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

??? ???? ??? ??? ?? ???? . ???? ??????? ??????? ??? ???? ????? ???? ??????? ???? ???? ?? ????? ????? ????? ????? ???? (???? ?? ?????) ????? ?????? ????? ????? ???? (?? ?-20%) ??????. ????? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ?????, ??? ????? ????? ????? ????? ???? ??????. ^[1] ????? ?? ??? ????? ??? ??? ?????? ????? ??? ??? ???? ???? ???? ????. ????? ???? ?-75% ???, 20-15% ????, 5-4% ????? ??? ????? ????? ??? ?????? ???????. ^[2] ?????? ????? ????? ???? , ????????????, ?????? ? ????? . ^[3]

???????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

????? ??? ???? ???? ??????? ?? ??? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??-??? ?-1590. ???? 1747 ???? ??????? ????????? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ????? ???? ????? ??? ????? ???? ????, ???? ????. ??????, ???? ??? ???? , ???? ???? ?? ??? ???? ?????? 6-5% ????. ??????? ??? 1800 ??? ??? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ???? ? ????? . ?????? ??????? ???????????? ???? ????? ? ???? ?????, ??? ????? ???? ?? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ???????, ????? ?? ???? ??? ????? ????? ????????. ???????? ??????? ??? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ????, ??????? ??? ????? ??? ??? ????? ???? ?????. ???? 1811 ???? ???????? ?? ????? ???? ?? ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ????????. ???? ??? ?????? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ???? ????? ?-334, ???? ???? ????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ????? ???? ???? ???. ^[4] ?? ???, ??????? ???????, ????? 1837 ??? ??? ? ???? 542 ??? ????? ???? ???? ??? ??????? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ????. ???? 1880 ?????? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ???? ????. ????? ?????, ??? ???? ????? ??? ????? ????? ???? ???? ?? ????. ^[1] ? ????? ????? ???? ???? ???????? ???? ??? ???? ????? ???? ?-19 ??????, ^[5] ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ???? ???? ???? ????? ????? ???? ???? 1879 ? ????????? . ???? 1888 ???? ??? ????? ????, ?? ??? ??????????, ????? ????? ??? ????? ??? ??? ????? ? ?????? . ??? ???? ??????? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ?????. ^[6] ? ??????? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ???? 1912 ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ????????, ^[7] ???????? ?????? ? ???? ?-20 ?? ???? ?-20 , ?????? ????? ????? ?????. ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ????? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ??????, ???? ?????? ?????? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ???????, ????? ? ????? ??? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ????????? ???? ????? ????? ???????. ^[8]^[9] ??? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????????. ??? ?????? ????? ??????? ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ????? ?????????, ????? ??"?. ^[10] ???? ????? ???? ?-20 ?? ???? ?-20 ?????? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ? ??? ???? ? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ?????. ^[11]

??????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

?????? ????, ??? ????? ???? ????? ????? ????? ?? ??? ???? ???????, ??? ????? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????. ?????? ?????? ??????, ??? ??? ????? ?????. ??????? ??????? ??????, ????? ????? ?? 100 ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????. ?????? ????, ??? ????? , ?????? ????? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ???? , ????? ????? ????? ?????.

????, ????? ??? ????? ???? ?? ????? ????? ???. ?? ??? ????? ??????, ?????? ????? ??????? ????? ?? ???, ???? ???? ???? ?? ?????, ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????, ??????? ??? ?????. ?? ?? ???????? ??????? ??????, ????? ?????? ??? ??????? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ???? ???????? ?????. ?? ???????? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????? ???? ????, ???? ?????? ??????? ??? ????????.

???? ???? ??? ??? ?? ??????? , ????? ?? ????, ???? ?? ?????? ?? ?????, ???? ?? ????? ????? ??????, ????? ?? ????? ??? ?? ?????. ?? ?? ???? ?????, ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ????.

????? ???? ??? ????? ????? ????? ??????? ????? (Campaign) ??? ???? ?? ??????? ??????, ????? ????? ???? ????? ?? ??? ???? ??? ????? ?? ??????? ?? ??????? ?????, 24 ???? ?????, ?? ??? ???? ?????. ???? ?? ???? ???? ??????? ??? ?????? ??????, ???????? ??? ?????? ("de bietencampagne").

???? ????? ?????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

???? ?? ??? ???? ???? ????? ?? ??? ??? ?????, ??? ??? ????? ?????? ????????. ???? ????? ???????? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ?????, ?? ??? ?????? ?? ?????? ????. ?????? ??:

???? ???? (?? ?? ????? ???)
???? ?????? ????? ?????
???? ??????? ?????? ??????
???? ????? ?????? ?????? (????? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ????)

????? ?? ??? ??????? ?????? ????? ??? ???? ????? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ??????.

???? ????? ????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

?????? ?????? ? ?? ?????? , ?????? ????, ??????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?????? (Cossette). ??? ??????? ??? ??? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ?????, ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ????. ?????? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ?????, ????? ?????? ??? ???, ????? ??????. ????? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ????? " ??? ?? " ("Raw Juice"), ????? ??? ??? ???? ?????.

??????? ?????? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ???? (95%) ?? ???? ??? ????, ??? ?????? ???? ?? ??????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??? ??75% ????. ????? ??? ?????? ???? ????? (?????) ?? ??????. ?? ?????? ???? ?????? ??????? ??? ????? ??????.

???? ???? ????? ??? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ?????, ???? ?????? ??? ?????? ?? "??? ???" ("Milk of Lime"), ???? ????? ????? ??????? ???? ????????? ????. "??? ????" ???? ? ?????? ????? , ?????? ????? , ??????? ???? ??????? ??????, ????? ??? ?????? ?????? ? ??????? . ?? ??? ?????? ?? "??? ????" ?????? ?????, ???? ???? ??-????? , ????? ?? ???????? ???????? ? ??? ??? ??????.

???? ????? ????, ???? ??? ???? ? "??? ????" ("Thin Juice"), ????? ????? . ???? ??? ?????? ??? ????? ?? ??? ????? , ????? ?? ?"??? ?????" ? "??? ????" (Thick" "Juice), ????? ???? ? ????? ????? ????? 60% ?????? ????. ? ????? ???? ???? ????? ??? ??????? ?? ???? ??? (?????? ??????? ?? ?????? ?????) ?? ???? ???? ????? ??? ????, ????? " ???? ?? " ("Mother Liquor"). ???? ???? ????? ?? ????? ???? ??????? ????? ?????? ????? (Crystallizer) ??????? ?????? ?? ??? ???? (???? ????? ) ???? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ???. ???? ?? ????? ????-????? ? ????????? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ?? ??????? ?? ?????? ??????. ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ?????.

????? ????? ??????? ??? ???? " ???? ????? " ???? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ???? ?????? ???? ???, ?????? ????. ??? ???? ???? ????? ?? ????? ?? ??????? ???, ??? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ?????, ???????? ??????? ???? ?????? ??? ??? ?????? ???? ?????? ???? ?????. ??????? ?????? " ???? " (?????), ??????? ????? ?????. ????? ?????? ??? ???? ??? ????? ????.

????? ????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

???? ???? ??????? ??? ????? ????? :

????? - ?????? ??????? ?????? ????? ???? ???? ???? ????, ????? ????? ???? ?????. ??????? ??????? ????? ????? ?? ????, ???? ?????? ????? ????????. ??? ???? ?????? ??????? ???? (Beta).
??????? - ??????? ??????? ( ????????? ) ?????? ????? ????. ?????? ??????? ???? ????? ?? ????? ?? ??????? ?? ?????? ???? ????? 3 ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????.
??????? - ??????? ??????, ???? ?????? ? ????? ???? ???? ????? , ????? ??? ??????. ??? ?? ????? ????? ???? ????? ? ?????? , ????? ????? ???? ????? ??? ???? . ??? ???????? ?? ????? (????? ? ???? ????? ????) ?????? ? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ????????. ?? ???? ??????? ????????? ????? ?????? ????? ????????.

????? ??? ????? ?????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

????? ???? ?-30 ?? ???? ?-20 , ?????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ??? ???? ?? ????? ???? ?????, ???? ???? ?????? ????? ?? ??? ???? ???? ?????, ^[12] ???? ?????? ??? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ??????. ^[13] ???? 1939 , ?????? ???? ?????? , ???? ?????? ??? ???? ???? ????? ?? ??? ?? ?-250 ????, ????? 1942 ????? ???? ?-1,500 ???? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ? ??? ?????? . ^[14] ?? ????? ?? ????. ?????? ??? ??? ???? 1949 ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ? ????? ^[15] ????? ???????? ?????? ??? ???? ? ??? ???? . ^[16]

????????? ???? ????? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ?????, ?? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????? ???????. ^[17] ?? ???, ?????? ??????? ????? ???? ??? ?????? ?????? ??? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ????. ^[18] ????, ??? ??????? ????? ??????? ??????? ?? ????? ??? ???? ??????. ^[19] ???? 1950 ????? ?? ???? ????? ??? ?????, ?? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ?????. ^[20]^[21]^[22] ???? 1953 ???? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????? ^[23] ?????? ? ??? ?? ?? "??? ????" ???? ???? 1954, ^[24] ?? ??? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ??????. ^[25] ???? 1956 ???? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ??????. ^[26] ???? 1961 ???? ???? ????? ?? ???? , ????? ??? ???? ????? ????? ????? ??? ???? . ???? ??? ????? ?-1964, ???? ????? ?? ??? ???? ????????, ????????? ?????? ?????? ????? ??????. ^[27]

??? ???? ???? ?????? ????? 1951?1952 ?? ?-5,000 ????, ?? ????? ??? ??, ?? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ?????? ???? ??????? ????? ??????. ???? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ????, ????? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ???? ??????. ^[28] ????? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ??????, ?????? ?????? ?? ??? 4 ??? ?????. ???? 1957?1958 ???? ??? ???? ?? 23,000 ????, ^[29] ???? ????? ??? ??? ???? ????? 30,000 ????, ^[30] ???? 1961?1962 ???? ??-47,000 ????, ^[31] ????? 1967?1968 ??-64,000 ????. ^[32]

????? ????? ??? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ??????, ????? ???? ???? . ^[33]^[34] ???? ???? ?????? ????? ??????, ?????? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ??? ???? ???.

?????? ??????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

???? ????? ??? ????? ??????? ????? - 2005 (????? ??????? ???)
????	29
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?????	11
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????	7
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???? : ?????? ????? ???????? ?? ? ??"? (FAO) FAOSTAT , www.fao.org

?????? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ????? ??? ? ????? ??????? . ?????? ?????? ?? ???????? , ????? ????? ? ????? . ?-20% ???? ????? ????? ???? ????? ???? ????.

????? ??? ???? ??????? ???? ??? ??????? ?? ????? ??????????, ??????? ??? ?? ??? 2006 ?????? ????? ??????? ????? ?? ???? ???? ????. ???? 2006 ????? ?????? ????? ???????? ????? ??? ???? ???????, ????????? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ?????? ???????, ????, ???????, ?????, ????? ? ????? . ?????? ? ?????? , ???? ? ???? ????? ? ?????? , ??????? , ????? , ??????? ? ??????? ???? ????? ????? ???? ???? ????. ???? ??? ?????? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ??? ?-179 ?-106 ???? 2010. ^[35]

? ????? ????? ????? ??????? ??? ?????????? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ???? ?????. ?? ?? ??????? ??? ???? ??-55% ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ???? ????. ^[36] ??????? ???????? ??????? ??? ???? ?? ??????? , ?????? , ????? ??????? , ?????? ? ????????? . ^[37]

??????? ???????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

???? ?????? ????? ??? ???? ? ??????????

??? ???? , ???? ??????????? ???????? (???????)
??? ???? , ?? ??? ? ?????? ???????

??? ???? , ???? ???????????? ?? ????? (???????)
??? ???? , ???? Tropicos (???????)
??? ???? , ???? GBIF (???????)
??? ???? , ???? IPNI (???????)
????? ??? ???? ?????? , ???? ??? , ?????? ??????? , ???? 1958 (????? 3:34)

????? ?????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

^ ¹ ² ????? ????? ?????, ???? ??? , ??? , 15 ?????? 1942
^ George Rolph, Something about sugar, page 102
^ Sugar Beet, White sugar , page 7
^ Rolph, George M., Something about sugar; its history, growth, manufacture and distribution (1917) , page 100, Internet archive
^ Robert M. Harveson, History of Sugarbeet Production and Use , University of Nebraska?Lincoln
^ Rolph, George M., Something about sugar; its history, growth, manufacture and distribution (1917) , page 101, Internet archive
^ ?????? ??? ?? ?? '?? ???' ?? ???? ????
^ ??????? ??????? (??????, ??? '????? ???????????? ??? ?? ????? ??? ???? ???????')
^ ????? ?????? ???? ??????? ???????? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ??'??? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ???? ????
^ ??? ???? ????????? (??? ??"?)
^ ???? ????? ??????? ????? , ???? ???? , 31 ???? 1929
^ ??????? ??????? ???? ???? , ??? , 29 ????? 1935
^ ?. ??????, ????? ?? ??? ???? ????? ??? ????? , ??? , 15 ??????? 1939
^ ??? ????? ????? ???? ?????? , ??? , 6 ?????? 1942
^ ?. ??, ?? ????????? ?????? ??? ???? , ??? , 25 ?????? 1950
^ ??????? ?????? ??? ???? , ?? ????? , 19 ????? 1950
^ ????? ??? ????? ????? ????? ???? , ????? , 25 ???????? 1950
????? ????, ???? ?????? ???? , ????? , 2 ??????? 1950
^ ??? ????: ????? ????? ????? ??????? , ????? , 28 ??????? 1952
??? ???? , ??? ??? ???? , ??? , 15 ????? 1956
^ ?. ?????, ??????? ?????? , ????? , 6 ??????? 1953
??? ?????? ????? ?????? , ???? , 7 ????? 1956
^ ????? ????? ???? ?????? , ????? , 27 ?????? 1954
^ ???"? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ???? , ????? , 16 ???? 1952
????? ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ????? , ??? , 24 ???? 1953
^ ?.?., ???? ????? ????? ?????? , ?? ????? , 15 ???????? 1952
^ ???? ?????? ???"? ????? ?????? , ??? , 30 ??????? 1953
^ ????? ???? ?????? ????? ????? , ??? , 5 ???? 1954
^ ??? ?????? ??? ???? ?? ????? ?????? , ?? ????? , 15 ?????? 1954
^ ???? ?????? ????? ?????? , ??? , 22 ???? 1956
^ 10 ?????? ?"? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? , ??? , 18 ???? 1965
^ ???? ???, ????? ??? ???? ?? ??? ??? ???? , ????? , 14 ??????? 1952
^ 30 ???? ?????? ????? - ?????? ????? , ???? , 28 ???? 1958
^ ???? ???? ??? ?? ??? ???? , ??? , 26 ???? 1959
^ ???? ??? ????? - 52,000 ???? , ??? , 23 ??????? 1962
^ ???? ??? ????? ????? , ??? , 9 ???? 1968
^ ?????? ??? ???? ?? ?????? , ????? , 16 ???????? 1957
^ ?. ?????, ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ???? , ??? , 19 ??????? 1978
^ Evaluation of CAP measures applied to the sugar sector , Final Report, Agrosynergie, December 2011, Chapter 8
^ Sugar & Sweeteners , October 9, 2012, US depatment of Agriculture
^ Chris Edwards , Why Congress Should Repeal Sugar Subsidy , June 20, 2007, Cato Institute

[סירני-1] ¹ ² ????? ????? ?????, ???? ??? , ??? , 15 ?????? 1942

[2] George Rolph, Something about sugar, page 102

[3] Sugar Beet, White sugar , page 7

[4] Rolph, George M., Something about sugar; its history, growth, manufacture and distribution (1917) , page 100, Internet archive

[5] Robert M. Harveson, History of Sugarbeet Production and Use , University of Nebraska?Lincoln

[6] Rolph, George M., Something about sugar; its history, growth, manufacture and distribution (1917) , page 101, Internet archive

[7] ?????? ??? ?? ?? '?? ???' ?? ???? ????

[8] ??????? ??????? (??????, ??? '????? ???????????? ??? ?? ????? ??? ???? ???????')

[9] ????? ?????? ???? ??????? ???????? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ??'??? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ???? ????

[10] ??? ???? ????????? (??? ??"?)

[11] ???? ????? ??????? ????? , ???? ???? , 31 ???? 1929

[12] ??????? ??????? ???? ???? , ??? , 29 ????? 1935

[13] ?. ??????, ????? ?? ??? ???? ????? ??? ????? , ??? , 15 ??????? 1939

[14] ??? ????? ????? ???? ?????? , ??? , 6 ?????? 1942

[15] ?. ??, ?? ????????? ?????? ??? ???? , ??? , 25 ?????? 1950

[16] ??????? ?????? ??? ???? , ?? ????? , 19 ????? 1950

[17] ????? ??? ????? ????? ????? ???? , ????? , 25 ???????? 1950
????? ????, ???? ?????? ???? , ????? , 2 ??????? 1950

[18] ??? ????: ????? ????? ????? ??????? , ????? , 28 ??????? 1952
??? ???? , ??? ??? ???? , ??? , 15 ????? 1956

[19] ?. ?????, ??????? ?????? , ????? , 6 ??????? 1953
??? ?????? ????? ?????? , ???? , 7 ????? 1956

[20] ????? ????? ???? ?????? , ????? , 27 ?????? 1954

[21] ???"? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ???? , ????? , 16 ???? 1952
????? ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ????? , ??? , 24 ???? 1953

[22] ?.?., ???? ????? ????? ?????? , ?? ????? , 15 ???????? 1952

[23] ???? ?????? ???"? ????? ?????? , ??? , 30 ??????? 1953

[24] ????? ???? ?????? ????? ????? , ??? , 5 ???? 1954

[25] ??? ?????? ??? ???? ?? ????? ?????? , ?? ????? , 15 ?????? 1954

[26] ???? ?????? ????? ?????? , ??? , 22 ???? 1956

[27] 10 ?????? ?"? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? , ??? , 18 ???? 1965

[28] ???? ???, ????? ??? ???? ?? ??? ??? ???? , ????? , 14 ??????? 1952

[29] 30 ???? ?????? ????? - ?????? ????? , ???? , 28 ???? 1958

[30] ???? ???? ??? ?? ??? ???? , ??? , 26 ???? 1959

[31] ???? ??? ????? - 52,000 ???? , ??? , 23 ??????? 1962

[32] ???? ??? ????? ????? , ??? , 9 ???? 1968

[33] ?????? ??? ???? ?? ?????? , ????? , 16 ???????? 1957

[34] ?. ?????, ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ???? , ??? , 19 ??????? 1978

[35] Evaluation of CAP measures applied to the sugar sector , Final Report, Agrosynergie, December 2011, Chapter 8

[36] Sugar & Sweeteners , October 9, 2012, US depatment of Agriculture

[37] Chris Edwards , Why Congress Should Repeal Sugar Subsidy , June 20, 2007, Cato Institute

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