?????

??? ?? ???? ????? ???????. ?? ???????? ????? ???????? ????? ?? ????? ????? ?? ????, ??? " ???? "; ?? ???????? ???? ?? ????? ????? ????? ??, ??? " ????? " .

??????? (????? ?? ?? ????? ???? ????? ? ^[1] ??????? bit ?? ?????, ???? ??? " b inary dig it ") ??? ???? ??????? ? ????? ? ?????? ????? ????? ??? ????? ? ???? .

????? bit ???? ??????? ?? ??? ?'?? ???? ????? ?-1948 ?????? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ^[2], ??? ???? ??????????? , ??? ???? ?? ????? ? ???? ????? ????? ^[3].

???? ???? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

????? ????? ????? ??? 0 ?? 1 ????. ????? ?????? ????? ???????? ??? ????? ?????? ? ???????? ?? ???? ?? ???? ?? ? ???? ????? ???? ????? ???? (????: ?? ??? = 1, ??? ??? = 0).

???? ???? ???? ??????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ?? ???????? ^[3].

?????? ???? ??????? ?????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

??? (Byte) ????? ?-8 ??????. ??? ????? ??????? ???? B . ??? ??????? ???? ???? ?????, ??????? ???? b.

???? ???? ???? ?? ??? ????? ???? ???? ?????. ????? ???????? ?????? ?-8 ?????? ????? Octet ?? ???? ??? ????? ??? ?????? ????? ????? ?-8 ??????, ????? ?? ??? ????? ????. ???? ?? ???? ?????? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ????? ???? Nibble ( ??' ) , ??? ??? (halfbyte), ???-????? (semi-octet) ???????? (quadbit). ???? ????? ?? ????? ???? ? ???? ????????? , ?????? ???????? ??? ????? ???? (Hex digit). ?? ????, ?????? ??? ???? ????? ??? ???? ????? ????.

??	????? ????	????? ??????	???? 16	???? 10
kilo	k	2 ¹⁰ = 1,024	= 16 ^2.5	> 10 ³
mega	M	2 ²⁰ = 1,048,576	= 16 ⁵	> 10 ⁶
giga	G	2 ³⁰ = 1,073,741,824	= 16 ^7.5	> 10 ⁹
tera	T	2 ⁴⁰ = 1,099,511,627,776	= 16 ¹⁰	> 10 ¹²
peta	P	2 ⁵⁰ = 1,125,899,906,842,624	= 16 ^12.5	> 10 ¹⁵
exa	E	2 ⁶⁰ = 1,152,921,504,606,846,976	= 16 ¹⁵	> 10 ¹⁸
zetta	Z	2 ⁷⁰ = 1,180,591,620,717,411,303,424	= 16 ^17.5	> 10 ²¹
yotta	Y	2 ⁸⁰ = 1,208,925,819,614,629,174,706,176	= 16 ²⁰	> 10 ²⁴

????? ???? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

????? ?????? ????? ?????? ???? ???????.

?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ? ?????? ?????? , ?? ??????? ?? ????? ??, ???? ??????? ??????, ???-??? ?????? ??'???- ??? ?????? .

????? ?????? ?? ?????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

??????? ?????? ?? ??????, ???? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? (??????? ?????). ???? ????? ?? ????? ????? ???, ???? ????? ??? ?????? ?????. ??? ??????? ??????? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ?????? ?????, ?? ???? ?????? ???? ????? (?????? ??????). ??? ?? ?????? ????? ????? ?? ???? ??? ???? ?? .

????? ?????? ?? ?????? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ????? ?????, ?????? ???? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ??????. ??? ????? ??? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ?????, ?? ??????? ?? $2^{6}=64$ ?????? ?????, ?? ??????? ????? ???? ??????? ???? ??? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????.

??????? ???????? ???? ?????? ????? ??? ????? ? ??? ???? , ??? ?? ?? ???? ??????? ????? ?????, ????? ??????? $2^{5}=32$ ?????? ?????. ?? ???? ??? ??? ?? ??????, ????? ????? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ????. ?????? ????? ????? ??? ????? ????? ???? ???? , ???? ???? ???? ??? ?? ? ??? Shift ?? ????? , ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??????. ??? ????? ???? ???? ??????? ???? ?????? ???????, ?? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ?? 2X27=54 ?????? ?????, ??? ????? ??????? (?????? ????), ????? ?????? ?????.

?????? CDC, ????? ?????? ???? ??????, ???? ???? ??? 60 ????? (???? ?? ???? ???? ??? ?? ????? ???? ????????, ??? ????? ????? ??????? ?? ?????? ???). ???? ???? ???? ?-6 ?????, ?? ?????? ??? ???? ????? 10 ??????. ???? ??????? ?????? ??? $2^{6}=64$ . ??? ???? ??? ?????, ??, ?????, ???? ??????? ?? ?????? ??? ????? ??????? ??? ????? ????? ????.

???? ASCII ????? ????? 7 ????? ?????? ?? , ?? ???????? 128 ?????? ?????: ?????? (?????? ??????), ?????, ????? ????? ????. ???? ASCII ????? ???? ??? ???, ?? ????????? 256 ?????? ?????, ???? ?????? ??????, ????, ???? ?????? ??????? ????. ??? ?? ???? ?????? ??????? ??????? ????. ?? ?????? IBM -Mainframe, ??????? ??? ????? ???? ??????, ???? ??? ?? 8 ?????, ?? ??????? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ?? ????? ????. ??? ?? ???? EBCDIC .

??? ?? 8 ????? ?? ?? ??????? ?????????? ???????, ???? ??????? ???? ???, ?? ??? ????? ???? ????. ??????? ?? ???????, ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????, ???????? ???', ?? ?? ???. ????? ????? ??? ?? ????? ??????? ??????, ????? ????? ????? ???? ??????? ?????? ????? ???????. ?????? ?? ?? ??-????? ??????, ?? ?? ????? ???? ?? ????? ????? ?? ????? ?????, ???? ?? ???? ??????. ????? ????? ????? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ??????? , ??? ?????? ??? ?? ????? ????, ????? ?? 32 ?????, ?????? ?? ????. ????? ?? ?????? ???? ??????? ?????? ?????, ?? ????? ??? ????? ????? ???????? ??????? ?? ???.

??? ?????? ??????? ???? ????? ?? ??, ???? ???? ???? ??? ??????? ??????. ?? ???? ?????, ?? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ???? ?????: ?? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??? ??? ??? ???? ????, ??????? ?????? ??? ??? ???? ??????? ???????. ????? ?? ???? ?? ???? ??? ? ??? ???? ?????? ?????? (??? ?? ???? ?? ???? ??????? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ??????, ???? ???? ?? ?????? ??? ??). ???? ?????? '?' ???? ???? ???? ???? '.', ????? ???? '?' ???? ???? '---.'.

????? ???? ?? ??????? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ??????, ?? ??? ???????? ????? ????? ?? ??? ???? ?????? ????. ??????? ? ????? ?????? ??????? ???? ??. ??? ?????? ???????? ???? ??????? ??? ????? .

???? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ??????:

?????? :	0	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10	11	12	13	14	15	16
????????? :	0	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	A	B	C	D	E	F	10
?????? :	0	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	10	11	12	13	14	15	16	17	20
?????? :	0000	0001	0010	0011	0100	0101	0110	0111	1000	1001	1010	1011	1100	1101	1110	1111	10000

??? ?? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

??????? ???????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

?????? ??? ?????? ??????? (???????)
??? ???????? - ????? ????? (???????)
????? , ???? MathWorld (???????)
????? , ???? ??????????? ???????? (???????)

????? ?????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

^ ???? ??????? ???? ??????? ??' 51
^ A Mathematical Theory of Communication
^ ¹ ² Denning, P. J., & Bell, T. (2012). The Information Paradox. American Scientist, 100(6), 470-477.

[1] ???? ??????? ???? ??????? ??' 51

[2] A Mathematical Theory of Communication

[פרדוקס-3] ¹ ² Denning, P. J., & Bell, T. (2012). The Information Paradox. American Scientist, 100(6), 470-477.

[1]

[2]

[3]