???????

**???????**
**Surabaya**
??? ??????? ??? ???????	??? ??????? ??? ???????
	?????????' ?? ???????
?????	?????????
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??? ????	??? ?'??????
????? ?????	???? ?-13
???	350.5 ??"?
????	5 ?????
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? ????	3,009,286 (2023)
? ? ?????????	9,924,515 ( 2020 )
? ??????	8,200 ??? ? ??"? ( 2020 )
???????????	7°14′45″S 112°44′16″E / 7.2458333333333°S 112.73777777778°E
???? ???	UTC +7
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	??? ????? ; ??? ?????? ; (???? ????????? ?????) ?'???? ??? ?????? ???????? ?'??????? ? ????????? ????? ????????? ???? ????? ? ???????

??????? (? ????????? : ‏ Surabaya ^ⓘ‏ ^?‏) ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ? ????????? ? ???? ???? ???? ?'???? . ???? ????? ????? ?????-????? ?? ??? ?'???? ???? ???? ?????? , ???? ???? ??? ?-660 ?"? ?????-???? ????? ?'???? . ?????????? ?????? ?? ???? ?"??? ????????", ??? ?????? ??? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?????????? ??????????? ?????? ??????? ?????????? ????? ?????? ?????????? ???????.

?????????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

??? ??????? ?? ??????? "????" ?? "????" ( ???? ) ?"????" ?? "????" ( ???? ), ? ??? ?'???? , ??? ?????? ?? ????????? ??????? ?????? ?? ??? ?? ??? ????? ????? "???? ????? ?????". ???? ????? ????????? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ?-12 ?'?????? . ?????? ????? ??? ??? ???? ??? ???? ???? ???? ??? ????. ??? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ????, ???? ?? ????? ?? ?? ?? ????? ???? ????? ????? ?? ???? "?????? ????????". ?? ??????? ??? ??????????? ??, ??????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?? ?? ???? ??? ?????? ? ??? ?'???? "???? ???? ????" ??????? "????? ????? ?? ??? ?????".

???????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

?????? ????? ????? ?? ??????? ????? ???? 1225 ???? ???? ?'?? ?'?-????, ?? ?????? ???? ?????? "?'?????", ????? ???? ???? ????? ?? ???????. ?? ????? ???? ?-15 , ??????? ?'?? ?? ?? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ???. ?? ???? ?????? ?? ?'?? ?? ??? ???? 1433 ?? "???? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ??, ????? ??????? ????????, ?????? ?????? ?? ???????. ???? ????, ???? ??????? ?? ??? ?? ????".

????? ?-15 ? ?-16 ????? ??????? ???????, ???? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ?'????. ??? ????? ?????? ?? ??????? ??????? ????? ?????, ?????? ?? ??? ?- 1625 . ???? ????? ??????? ?????? ????? ????? ???????? ???????, ???? ??????? ??? ??? ?'???? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ??????? ???? ?????? ??????? ????? "???????" ????? ???? ? ?'???? .

???? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ??????? ???????? ???? ?????? ???? ????????? ?????? ?? ??????? ?- 1743 . ??????? ???? ??? ?????? ??????? ?????????? ????? ??? ?????, ?????? ????? ???? ????? ????? ????? ?? ????? ??? ???????.

?- 1917 ???? ????? ??????? ???????? ???? ?????? ???????, ?? ????.

????? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ? ????? . ??? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ????? ???? 1944 . ???? ??? ????? ?? ??? ??????? ?????????, ????? ????? ?? ?? ??? ??????? ????? ????? ????? ????? ??? ?????, ?????. ??? ??????? ??? ??? ?????? ??????? ????? ?? ????????? ???????. ??? ??? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ??????? ???? ????? ?- 30 ???????? 1945 , ??? ????? ????? ????. ????? ????? ???? ???????? ?????????? ??????? ???? ????????? ??????, ?? ??? ????. ?- 10 ??????? ??? ???? ?? ????, ??? ????? ???? ??????, ??????? ?????? ??????? ????????? ?? ????. ????? ??, ?-10 ???????, ????? ???? ?????????? ^[2]?"??? ????????" (???? ???????) ^[3]^[4]. ???? ??? ??? ????? ???????? ???????, ????? ????? ?????? ????????? ?- 1949 ?? ??? ????????, ???? ?????? ???? ??? ???? ??????.

???? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

???????, ?????? ????? ??? ?'????, ???? ???? ????? ??????? ????? ???? ????. ?????????? ???? ???? ?-2.87 ?????? ???, ?????? ????? ??????? ???????? ?-9.9 ?????? ?????? ??????. ??????? ????? ???????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????-????, ????? ?????, ??????? ?????-????, ???????'? ?????, ? ???'????? ? ?'????? ?????-????.

??? ??????? ??? ??????? ???? ??? ?????? ???? ?-2009. ??? ???? ????? ??????????. ?? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ??????? ?????? ???? ???????, ?????? ???'??? ???? , ? ????? : "?? (????? ???) ????" .

???? ??????? ????? ????? ???????? ??? ?? "???? BRI" ?????? 220 ?', "???? BII" ?????? 200 ?' ????? ????? ???, ?????? 175 ?'. ?? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ???????? ????, ?????? "????? ????'?????", "????? ??????", "??????? ?????", "??????? ?????? ?????" ?"????? ????? ???????".

??????? ??? ????? ?? "?????? ???????", ??? ???? ?"??????" ???????? ?? ??? ?????????. ?????? ??????? ????? ? ?????? ???? ???????? . ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ???????? ???????, ????? ???? ?? ????? ????? ???? ????? ???????? ????? ????? ????.

???? ??? ??? ????? , ??? ?????? ???? ??????????, ?? ??? ???? ???? 2013 . ??? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ????????? ??? ??????? ????? ?????? ???? ??? ???? ?????????? -????? ^[5]. ?????? ?? ????? ??"? ????????? ??? ??? ??????? ????? ???? ?? ????? ???????? ????????, ?????? ?????????? ?? ???? ??"?.

?? ????? ???????? ???? ?- 1916 ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ??????? ???? ?? ????????? . ? ????? ?? ?? ????? ???? ????? ????? ?????? .

????? ?????? ????? ??????? ???? ???? ????? ???? ?????? , ?????? ?????? ???? ?????.

????? ???????? ????? ???? ?????? ??:

????? ????? ?? ???????, ???? ????? ????? ????? ????? ?'????.
???? ?'?? ??, ????? ?????? ?????????? ????? ?????? ?????????? ????.
?????? "?'?? ?????? ?'???? ????", ??? ????? ???? ?? ????? ??? ?????????.
?????? ????????, ??????? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ???????? ???????.

???????? 31 ?????, ???????? ?-163 ?????? ??????????? ?????? ??????? "?????".

?????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

?? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ????????? ?'????? . ???? ???? ????? ????. ???? ?????????? ?????? ??? ??????.

?? ??????? ???? ????? ????? ??????, ????, ????????. ???? ????? ?????? ???? ??? ?'???? ? ???? , ???? ?????? ???? ?????. ?????? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ??? ??? ?????.

???? ?????? ???? ??? ???'??? ????, ???? ??? ?????? ??????? ??????. ????, ??? ??? ????? ???? ???? ??????? ????? ???? ????. ???? ???? ????? ?? ???? ???? ?????, ???? ???? ???? ??? ?? ?? ???? ????????. ??????? ??????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ???'??? ????, ??????? ????? ??????, ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ????.

??? ?????? ????????? ?'????? ??? ???? ????? ?????????? ??????? ?? ??? ???????. ??? ???? ????? ??????? ??? ???? ????? ?????????. ????? ?????? ?????? ??????????? ???? ?????? ????? ???????, ????? ????? ???? ????? ????? ????.

???? ?????? ???? ??????? ??? ??? SURAMADU ^[6].

????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

???? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ??????? ???????? ??????. ????? ????? ????? ???? , ??? ? ??? . ???? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ??? ??? ?????.

????? ????? ??????? ??? ?? ???? ?????? ?????? ????. ??? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ?'????.

???????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

?? ?? ???? ????????? ?????? ???? 2020 ????????? ???? ???? ?-2.87 ?????? ?????? ??-9.9 ?????? ?????????? ???????, ?????? ???????????????? . ? ????? ?? ????? ?? ????? ???????? ????????, ???? ????? ? ????????? , ???????'? , ??????? ? ??'??? , ?????? ?? ?? ????. ???? ??? ??? ????????, ????? ????? ?? ??? ????? ???? ???? ????, ?? ?? ?? ???? ???? ??? ?? ???? ??????? ???? ????? ?? ??????? ??????. ???? ??? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ????, ??????? ???? ???????? ????? ?????????.

???? ??? ?? ???????. ???? ?? ?????? ?????? ??????, ??????, ??????, ?????? ?????????. ????? ?????? ??? ?'????, ???? ??????, ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ?????????. ??? ??????? ?????? ? ?????? ?? ??? ?'???? ????? "?????????".

???? ?????? ???????? ?????? ?? ????, ??????????? ???? ?????? ?? 1.2% ??? ???. ????? ???????? ????? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ??????? ??????? ????????, ?????? ??????? ????.

????? ?????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

????? ? ?????? ???????, ??????? ??????? ????? ???????? "????? 10" ????. ????? ???????? ????? ?????? ???????? ????? ?????????? ??????? ???????.

???????? ???? ???????????? ??????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????. ??? ??? ??? ?????????? ????????? ???? ??????????? ??????? ??????? ????? ????? ?'????, ?????? ?- 1948 . ??????????? ?????? ??? ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ???????????. ????? ????????? "?????? ???????" (Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember) ??? ???? ???? ?????? ???????? ????, ????? ????? ????????? ?????????, ????? ?????? ?????? ????. ???????? ????? ?? ??????? ????? ?? ??? ?????????.

???? ?????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

??????? ?????? ???? " ???? ?????? " ?? ????? ?????:

????? ????? ????? , ????????? , ????? ????? (?? 1992 )
????????? ?????? ?? ??? ????'??? , ????????? ?????? ?? ??? (?? 2006 )
??? ???'? , ???'? , ???
????? ???? , ?'?????? ?????? , ?????
?????? ????? ????? , ??????
???????? ????? , ??? ????' ????? , ???????? (?? 1986 )
?????? ?????? , ?????? (?? 1996 )
????????? ?????? ?? ??? ??????'??? , ????????? , ????????? ?????? ?? ??? (?? 2005 )
?????? ??????? , ?????? (?? 2001 )
????? ?'???? ????? , ?????

??????? ???????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

??? ???????? ????? ?? ???????
??? ??????? ?? ???????
??????? , ???? ??????????? ???????? (???????)

????? ?????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

^ Indonesia: East Java Province (Regencies and Cities) - Population Statistics, Charts and Map , www.citypopulation.de
^ ????? ???? "??? ?????": https://cdns.klimg.com/merdeka.com/i/w/news/2013/10/31/271452/670x335/berdarah-yahudi-bertanah-air-indonesia-pahlawan-keturunan-yahudi-1.jpg
^ ?????? ???? ?? ????, ????? ???? ????? ??? CHARLES MUSSRY, (?"? ???? ???"? - ?' ???? ????"?, 9.10.1919 - 23.8.1971) ??? ????? ???? "??? ?????" ???????? ?- 10 ??????? 1945 , ??? ???????? ?????? ??????? ?????????? ????? ?????. ??? ???? ???? ?????? KEMBANG KUNING, "??? ????" ? ????? / ????????? . ??? 10 ??????? 1945 ?????? ?????????? ?? 10 ??????? ???? ??????? ?????? ????. ??????? ??????????? ??????? ?? ?????? ???? CHARLES MUSSRY ?????, ??? ???? ???: https://www.merdeka.com/khas/yahudi-dermawan-berjuang-dengan-uang-pahlawan-keturunan-yahudi-2.html (? ????? ) ????, ???? ??????? ???? ?????? MERDEKA, "??????" ???????, ??? : https://www.merdeka.com/tag/charles-mussry/berdarah-yahudi-bertanah-air-indonesia-pahlawan-keturunan-yahudi-1/ ??????: "?? ?? ?? ????? ?? ?? ????? ?????????".
^ ????? ???? ???? ?? ???? ?? ????: https://cdns.klimg.com/merdeka.com/i/w/news/2013/11/11/275775/670x335/yahudi-dermawan-berjuang-dengan-uang-pahlawan-keturunan-yahudi-2.jpg
^ ??? ????? ????? ?????????? ?? ???? ????? ? ????? ??? ???????? ???? ????.
^ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suramadu_Bridge

????? ??????? ?? ????????? ???? ????????? 2020 ^{[???????? 1]}
^ Indonesia: Administrative Division (Provinces, Regencies and Cities) - Population Statistics, Charts and Map
	?????	??	????	?????????	?????	??	????	?????????
?'???? ???????
	1	?'????	?'????	10,562,088	11	???? ????????	????	1,354,350	????? ???????
	2	???????	???? ?'????	2,874,314	12	????	??? ????	1,196,396
	3	?????	???? ?'????	2,543,676	13	???? ??????	??????	1,166,066
	4	???????	???? ?'????	2,444,160	14	?????	???? ?'????	1,043,070
	5	???	???? ??????	2,435,252	15	????????	????	983,356
	6	????	???? ?'????	2,056,335	16	?????	???? ??????	909,040
	7	????????	????	1,895,486	17	??????	???? ?'????	843,810
	8	???????	???? ??????	1,668,848	18	???????	???? ????????	827,994
	9	??????	???? ?'????	1,653,524	19	??????	????	725,314
	10	??????	???? ????????	1,423,877	20	????????	???? ?'????	716,155

[1] Indonesia: East Java Province (Regencies and Cities) - Population Statistics, Charts and Map , www.citypopulation.de

[2] ????? ???? "??? ?????": https://cdns.klimg.com/merdeka.com/i/w/news/2013/10/31/271452/670x335/berdarah-yahudi-bertanah-air-indonesia-pahlawan-keturunan-yahudi-1.jpg

[3] ?????? ???? ?? ????, ????? ???? ????? ??? CHARLES MUSSRY, (?"? ???? ???"? - ?' ???? ????"?, 9.10.1919 - 23.8.1971) ??? ????? ???? "??? ?????" ???????? ?- 10 ??????? 1945 , ??? ???????? ?????? ??????? ?????????? ????? ?????. ??? ???? ???? ?????? KEMBANG KUNING, "??? ????" ? ????? / ????????? . ??? 10 ??????? 1945 ?????? ?????????? ?? 10 ??????? ???? ??????? ?????? ????. ??????? ??????????? ??????? ?? ?????? ???? CHARLES MUSSRY ?????, ??? ???? ???: https://www.merdeka.com/khas/yahudi-dermawan-berjuang-dengan-uang-pahlawan-keturunan-yahudi-2.html (? ????? ) ????, ???? ??????? ???? ?????? MERDEKA, "??????" ???????, ??? : https://www.merdeka.com/tag/charles-mussry/berdarah-yahudi-bertanah-air-indonesia-pahlawan-keturunan-yahudi-1/ ??????: "?? ?? ?? ????? ?? ?? ????? ?????????".

[4] ????? ???? ???? ?? ???? ?? ????: https://cdns.klimg.com/merdeka.com/i/w/news/2013/11/11/275775/670x335/yahudi-dermawan-berjuang-dengan-uang-pahlawan-keturunan-yahudi-2.jpg

[5] ??? ????? ????? ?????????? ?? ???? ????? ? ????? ??? ???????? ???? ????.

[6] ttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suramadu_Bridge

[7] Indonesia: Administrative Division (Provinces, Regencies and Cities) - Population Statistics, Charts and Map

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

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