?????

**?????**
?? ???????	Sulfate
???? ??????	Sulphate
???? ????	O₄S²?
??? ??????	96.06 ???/ ???
???? CAS	14808-79-8

? ????? , ????? (??????: ????? ) ??? ??? , ????? ?? ???? ?? ????? ??????? .

?????? ?????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

??? ?????? ??? ????? ??-????? (?????????), ??? ????? ????? ^2?S O ₄ ? ???? ???????? 96.06 ????? ; ??? ????? ? ???? ?????? ?????, ????? ????? ????? ???? ?????? (?????????????) ?????? ????????? . ??? ?????? ???? ???? ????? 2-, ???? ? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ? ??????? (???? ?????) ^?HSO ₄, ???? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ???????, H ₂SO ₄. ??????? ???????? , ??? ?????? ????? , ?? ??????? ????????? , ?????? ?? ????? ???????.

???? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

?????? ???? ????? ????? ??????? ??????, ??????: ^[1]

???? ???? ?????? ???????
????? ?? ????? ??????? ?? ????????? ????, ?? ?????? ????
????? ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ????

?????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

?????? ??????? ???? ???????? ??????, ?????? ??? ?????? ????? ? ??? . ??? ??????? ?? ???? ???? ????? ?? ???? ????? , ????????? ????? ? ????? ????? , ??? ?????? ?????. ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ? ?????? ?????????? ?? ?????: ???????, ??????, ????? ????? ?????? ? ????? ????? ????? ???? ?????. ????? ???? ???, ????? ?????, ????? ?? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? (?????? ?? ?????? ?????, ???? ?? ???? ????? ?? ??????). ????? ?????, ????? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ??????.

??? ?????? ???? ????? ? ????? , ?????? ??? ???? ???? ??? (????? ?????????) ?? ????? (???????), ???? ?????? ?? ???. ^[1] ????? ??? ??? ? ??????? ?????? ???????? PtSO ₄P(C ₆H ₅) ₃₂, ?? ??? ?????? ???? ?????? ????????. ???? ?????-???? ????????? ????? ???? ??????? ???????.

???? ?????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

???? ? ??? ????-?????? ??? 149 ??????? , ???? ??? ?????? ???? ??? S-O ???? ; ??????, ????? ???? ?????? ??????? ?? 157 ??????? ???? S-OH. ????????? ?????????? ?? ???? ????? ????? ?? ?? ???? VSEPR .

?????? ????? ??? ?????? ???? ?? ?????? ? ??????? ??????? ????????, ????? ???? ??? ???? 1916 . ????? ???? ?? ?????? ??????? ?? ??????? (?????) ????????? ???? ?? ???? (?????, ??? ????? ?????? ) ??? ???? ?????? ?? 2+ ?? ???? ???????. ^[2]

????? ???? ????? ????? ??????? ? ??????? ??? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ???? ? ?????? ???????? ??? ???? π ??????? ???????? d. ?????? ?????? ???? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ?? ???? ???????, ????? ? ????? ???????????????? ?????. ^[3] ??? ???????, ????? ????? ?? ??? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ?? ??? ?????-??????.

?????? ???? ??????? ????????? d ???? ???? ????? ??????? ?????? ?? ????? π ???????? ????? (????? ???????????) ???? ?????? ?????? ???? S-O. ????? ????? ????? ????? ???? ????????? d ?????? ?????, ?? ??????? ????? ??? ???? ???????. ^[4]^[5] ?????? ????? ???? ???? pπ - dπ, ??? ????? ??????? D.W.J Cruickshank - ?????? ?? ???????? p ???????? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ???????? d ????? ?? ???? ??????? (????? ???????? d _z
² ?- d _x
²-
y
²). ^[6] ?????? ?? ?? ???? π ????? ??????, ?? ???? ???? ???? ???????. ???? ?? ???? ???? ???? ????? ????????. ^[6]^[1] ?????? ?? ??????? ???? ????? ???????? ????? ????? ????? ????? ???? ?? ??? ????? ????? ????. ^[6]^[1]

??????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

???????? ????? ???? ??????? ?????? ???????? ?????????. ??????:

????? ?????-????? ?????? ???? ??? ?????? ???????.
???? ??????????????? ????????? , ??? ??? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ? ?????? ??? (Black smoker ?? thermal vent) ??????? ???????? ?????? ?????????.
????? ??????? ??? ???? ???? ????.
??????? ?????? , ????? ?? ??? "???? ?????", ???? ??? ??? ? ??? ???? .
??? , ????? ? ??????? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? , ???? ???? ??????.
??? ?????? ???? ? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ???????? .
????? ? ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????, ??????? ??? ? ????? ??"? . ???? ??? ?? ???? ???? ???? ???? ???? ?? ???? ?? ????, ??? ?????? ?????.
??????? ????? ????? ??? ????.

???????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

???? ??????? ??? ?????? ? ???????? . ???? ???????, ? ?????? vitreolum , "???????", ????? ??? ?? ????? ???? ? ?????? ??????? ???????? ??????. ^[7] ??????? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ???- ????? FeSO ₄·7H ₂O; ??????? ???? ??? ????? ??????? ???-????? CuSO ₄·5H ₂O ???????? ??? ??? ??? ?????? ???-????? ZnSO ₄·7H ₂O. ???? ??? ??-????? ??? ????? ????? K ₂Al ₂(SO ₄) ₄·24H ₂O, ????? ????? ???? ???????? ??????? ??????.

?????? ???????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

??????? ??????? ?????? ????? ??????? ???????????? ( ????????? ), ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ??????? ? ?????? . ??? ????, ?? ??????? ?? ??????? ? ????????? , ??????? ??? ????? .

?????? ???????? ??????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

?????? ?????? ??????? ?? ??????? ?? ?????? ????? ?????? ????, ????? ????? ???????? ?? ? ????? ?? ???? ???? . ????? ???? ????, ?????, ?????? ?????? ???? ?? ?-0.5W/m ² ???? ????? ???-?????????. ^[8] ???? ?? ???? ????? ?? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ???? , ????? ???? 2.4W/m ² . ????? ????-???? ????? ????, ?????? ????? ??????? ????? ???? ??????? ??????.

?????? ?? ?????? ??????. ??????? ????? ???? ????? . ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ? ????? ???????? ?????? , ??? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ?? ????? ??? ????? ????. ????? ????? ???? ?????? ??? ??????? ??? ???? ????? ??????.

?????? ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ???????. ???? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ?????, ????? ???? ??????, ^[9] ????? ???????? ????? ???? ???? ?????, ????? ???? ?????? ???? ??????. ^[10] ?????? ?? ?????? ??????, ??? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ??????? ???-???, ????? ??? ???? ?? ??? ??????? ???????? ????. ??? ?????? ????? ????, ?????? ??????? ?? ??????. ^[11]

??? ?????, ??????? ??????? ???? ?????, ????? ?? ?????? ?? 2W/m ², ????? ???-??????? ????? ????. ??? ???????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??????? (??????, ?????) ?????? ?????? ?????? , ?????? ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ???????? ??????? .

??????? ?????? ?????? ????? (????????????) [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

??	????? ????
???????????????	^2?SO ₅
?????	^2?SO ₄
??????	^2?SO ₃
?????????????	^2?S ₂O ₈
?????????	^2?S ₂O ₇
???????	^2?S ₂O ₆
???????????	^2?S ₂O ₅
????????	^2?S ₂O ₄
????????	^2?S ₂O ₃
????????	^2?S ₄O ₆

??? ?? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

???????

??????? ???????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

???? ?????? ????? ????? ? ??????????

????? ?????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

^ ¹ ² ³ ⁴ Greenwood, N. N.; Earnshaw, A. (1997). Chemistry of the Elements, 2nd Edition, Oxford:Butterworth-Heinemann. ISBN 0-7506-3365-4 .
^ The Atom and the Molecule by Gilbert N. Lewis Journal of the American Chemical Society Volume 38, 1916, pages 762-786
^ The modern theory of valency Linus Pauling J. Chem. Soc., 1948, 1461 - 1467,
^ C. A. Coulson, Nature, 221, 1106 (1969)
^ K. A. R. Mitchell, Chem. Rev., 69, 157 (1969)
^ ¹ ² ³ Cotton, F. Albert; Wilkinson, Geoffrey (1966). Advanced Inorganic Chemistry (2d Edn.). New York:Wiley.
^ Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry F.Sherwood Taylor 6th Edition (1942) William Heinemann
^ Figure 3: The global mean radiative forcing of the climate system for the year 2000, relative to 1750 . Climate Change 2001: Working Group I: The Scientific Basis. IPCC .
^ Pincus & Baker 1994
^ Albrecht 1989
^ Chemical Amplification (or dampening) of the Twomey Effect: Conditions derived from droplet activation theory . T.A. Rissman, A. Nenes, J.H. Seinfeld.

[greenwood-1] ¹ ² ³ ⁴ Greenwood, N. N.; Earnshaw, A. (1997). Chemistry of the Elements, 2nd Edition, Oxford:Butterworth-Heinemann. ISBN 0-7506-3365-4 .

[2] The Atom and the Molecule by Gilbert N. Lewis Journal of the American Chemical Society Volume 38, 1916, pages 762-786

[3] The modern theory of valency Linus Pauling J. Chem. Soc., 1948, 1461 - 1467,

[4] C. A. Coulson, Nature, 221, 1106 (1969)

[5] K. A. R. Mitchell, Chem. Rev., 69, 157 (1969)

[cotton-6] ¹ ² ³ Cotton, F. Albert; Wilkinson, Geoffrey (1966). Advanced Inorganic Chemistry (2d Edn.). New York:Wiley.

[7] Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry F.Sherwood Taylor 6th Edition (1942) William Heinemann

[8] Figure 3: The global mean radiative forcing of the climate system for the year 2000, relative to 1750 . Climate Change 2001: Working Group I: The Scientific Basis. IPCC .

[9] Pincus & Baker 1994

[10] Albrecht 1989

[11] Chemical Amplification (or dampening) of the Twomey Effect: Conditions derived from droplet activation theory . T.A. Rissman, A. Nenes, J.H. Seinfeld.

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