?? ????

????? ???? ??????? (? ?????? : Belle Epoque - ????? ????) ? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????? ????? ???? ?-19 (1870 ????) ??? ????? ????? ??????? (1914). ?????? ????? ???? ??? ??????? ????? ? ???? ???????? ????? ?? ??? ???????, ??? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ? ??? , ? ????????? ?? ????? , ?????? ? ?????????? ??????? ???? ? ????? ????? .

???????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

????? ???? ????? ??????????? ( 1871 ) ? ????? ????? ??????? ( 1914 ) ???????? ??????? ??????? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ??????. ????? ?? ????? ????????? ??????? ??????? ? ???????? ??????? , ?????? ??????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ? ????-???? ?- 1871 , ????? ?????? ??????????, ???? ?????? ????? ?- 1878 ? ????? ????? ?- 1884 , ??????? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ?? ????? ?? ????? ???????? ?????. ????? ???????? ?????? ????????? ????, ?????? ????? ????? ??????? ???????, ???? ???????? ??? ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ??? ??????? ???? ????? ????? ????? ????????? ???? ???? ^[1]^[2].

???? ?? ?????? ?????? ???? ?? ??????? ??????? (??? ??????? ????? ?? ??????? ??? ???? ????? ?- 5 ???????? 1910 ). ????? ???, ???? ???? ???? ???????, ???? ??????? ???? ?????? ??? ?????? ???????????? ?? ???? ??????? , ?????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ???????????? ??????? ^[3].

?????, ????????? ?????? ?????????? ???? ????? ??? ????? 1897 - 1914 . ??? ??, ????? ????? ???? ? ????? ????? ???? ????? ??????? ???????. ?????, ????? ?? ????? ?? ??????? ? ??????????? ???? ??? ? ???????????? ???? .

??? ?????????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

?? ???? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ??? ?????? ??????????? ??????? ?????? ?????. ????? ??????? ????????? ???????? ?????? ?? ?????, ??? ????, ?? ? ?????? , ? ???? , ? ???? ?????? , ? ?????? , ?????? ?? ????? . ????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???????, ??? ??????? ???????? ????? ?????? ?????.

????? ??? ???? ???????? ????? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ? ??????????? , ???? ???????? ???? ??? ????? , ????? ????????? ? ???? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ??????? ????????, ?? ???????? ??????? ????? ??? ?????? ????? ???????????.

????? ????? ???? ???????, ???? ?????? ?? ? ???? ????? , ??? ???????? ? ??? ?????? . ????? ???? ? ???? ???????? , ???? ?? ???????? ?????? ???? , ???? ?? ???? ? ?????????? .

?????? ??????? ????????? ?????, ?????? ????? ????? ???? ??????? ????, ????? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ???? ???????, ??? ???? ?????? ???????, ??????, ???????.

????? ?????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

????? ? ????? ?????? ???? ?? ?? ??????? ???????? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ???????, ?? ???????? ????? ?????? ????? ?????.

??? ? ???????????? , ??? ???? ????? ????? ? ???? ?-60 ?? ???? ?-19 , ??? ?? ??? ????? ????, ?????? ???? ???????? ??? ? ???????????? . ????? ?????? ??????? ????? ????? ? ?? ???? ???????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ???????. ?????? ???? ????????? ??? ????? ??????, ??? ??? ????????? ?????? ??? ?? ?? ?????? ?????? ?????. ?????? ???? ?? ??? ????? ?"?? ????".

????????? ????? ????? ????? ?'????? ????????, ???? ????????????, ??????? ???? ???? ????? ??? ????? ?? ???? ???????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ????-??? ???? ??????? ??????, ???????? ????? ???????? ??????? ????? ????. ?? ??? ???? ???????? ? ???? ????? ?????????.

????? ? ??????? ??????? ?????? ????? ???????? ?? ???? "???????", "???????" ????. ? ??????? ??? ??????? ??????? ????? ?? ????? ???, ???? ???? ??????? ????? ??? ??????? ????? ????? .

?????? ?? ??? ?? ????? ? ???? . ??????? ????? ???? ??????????, ?? ??????? ??? ????? ?????? , ????? ???? ? ???? ??? . ?????? ?? ???? ??? ??????? , ?? ?? ??? ???? ?? ???? ????? ????? ???????.

? ????? ????????? ???? ?? ??? ????? ??????? ?????? ??. ????? ????????? ? ???????? ????? ????? ?????. ??? ??????? ????????? ?????? ?? ??? ?????? ??????? , ?? ?? ?????? ? ???? ???? . ????????? ???? ???????? ?? ???? ? ???????? , ??? ????? ????? ?-90 ???? ????????? ?????? ????????? ???? ???? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ?????? ???? ??????? . ??? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ??? , ?'??? ????? , ?'???? ?'??? , ???? ???? , ?. ?. ????? , ????? ??? , ????? ????? , ???? ????? , ????? ?????? , ????? ????? ? ?????? ???? ???? .

??? ?? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

???? ???? ??????

?????? ????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

????? ????? , ????? ???? : ????? ????? ???? ????? ????? ???????, 1890?1914 , ?????: ??? ???? , ?? ???? : ???? , 1998.
????? ??????, ?????? ???? ?? ????? , ?? ???? : ?? ???? , 2014. (???? ?????? ULI)

??????? ???????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

???? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ? ??????????

?? ???? ??????? (???????, ??????, ??????, ??????? ??????? ?????????? ?????? ?? ????)

????? ?????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

^ A.J.P. Taylor, English History 1914-1945
^ A.J.P. Taylor, The Struggle of Mastery in Europe, 1848-1918
^ Arno J. Mayer, The Persistence of the Old Regime: Europe to the Great War

[1] A.J.P. Taylor, English History 1914-1945

[2] A.J.P. Taylor, The Struggle of Mastery in Europe, 1848-1918

[3] Arno J. Mayer, The Persistence of the Old Regime: Europe to the Great War

[1]

[2]

[3]