???? ??????
|
????
|
21 ????
1902
??'
,
???????
|
---|
?????
|
1 ?????
1981
(???? 79)
??? ????
,
????? ?????
|
---|
?? ????
|
Breuer Marcell Lajos
|
---|
???? ???????
|
???????
(
1924
)
|
---|
???? ?????
|
????????
|
---|
??? ??????
|
????????
|
---|
?????? ??????
|
Office buildings in Amstelveen
,
Saint John's Abbey
,
945 Madison Avenue
|
---|
????? ??????
|
?????? ???? ?? AIA
(
1968
)
|
---|
?? ?? ?? ???
|
Marta Breuer
(
14 ??????? 1926
?
????? ?? 1930
)
|
---|
?????
|
|
---|
|
???? ????? ??????
(
Marcel Lajos Breuer
;
21 ????
1902
?
1 ?????
1981
) ???
??????
????? ?????? ????????? ??????? ????? ?????-
??????
. ???? ???? ?????? ????????? ? ?
???????
??? ???? ??
???? ?????
(
??'
)
???
???? ?'???
(
??'
)
?????? ?? "???? ??????? ??????? ????? ?? ???? ??????."
[1]
?????? ????? ?? ???? ??????? ?? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ????????, ???? ?????????? ????? ????? ???? ???? ????????? ?????????? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ??
???? ??????
. ???????? ?????? ????????? ???????, ??????, ???? ??????, ?????? ?????? ???????, ???? ??? ??????
?????????
, ???? ???? ????? ??????? ????? ??
IBM
, ???? ???? ?????? ??
????? ?????
??????.
??????, ????? ??????? ???? ????? ???????? ??? ?????? ??? (?????? ?? ??? ??????),
[2]
???? ?
??'
,
???????
.
[3]
??? ??? ?? ??? ?????? ???? 18 ?????? ??? ????? ???????? ???? ??? ???????? ???????? ???????? ?
???????
? ??? ???? ?????? ????????? ?????
???? ???????
??
??????
??? ????
????? ????? ???????
. ??? ???? ?? ??? ??????? ??????? ??????? ????? ??? ??? ??? ???? ???? ??????. ??????? ????
?????
????? ???? ??? ???? ???? ???? ?-19 ????)
???? ???? ???? ??? ????? ????? ???????? ?
????
???? 1925, ?????? ?? ?????? ??? ????? ??? ?????? ????? ??? ??????? ???????? ???? ???
???? ?????
,
????? ????????
???? ???
??????, ?????? ?? ??? ???? ?????????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??.
??????, ????? ??????? ????? ????? ????? ????? ??????? ???, ?????? ?????? ????????, ?????? ??????? ?????, ?????? ???? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ??????
???? ??????? ?? ???? ??????
, ??????? ?????? ???????? ????? ??? ??? ?? ????? ???????. ??? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ???
?? ????????
?
??? ??? ?? ????
, ??? ???? ?????? ???????? ???? ???? ????? ???? ?????, ?? ??, ????? ???, ????? ?????? ????, ???? ???? ??????? ???? ???15 ????. ????? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ????????? ???? ?????? ????? ????????? ?? ??????,
???? ?????
????? ????
????? ????????
, ??? ??? ?? ??. ???????? ????? ??????? ?????? ?? ????? ?? ??????, ??? ?? ??? ?????? ???? ???? ??????? ?? ???????? ?????. ????? ???? ?? ???? ???? ????? ?-60, ??? ???? "?????" ?? ??? ????? ??????? ?????? ?? ????????? ??? ??? ???????? ????
?? ?????
?? ?????.
??????? ??? ?? ?????? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ????? ??? ?
????? ????????
(Weißenhofsiedlung) ? -1927 ????? ?? ?? ????? ????? ???? ??????? ??? ???? ?????????? (Harnischmachers) ??
???????
?-1932. ??????? ?????, ?????????? ????? ????????? ?????????, ????? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ????? ?????? ?
????????
?
?????
, ?????? ?? ??????? ????? ????? ????? ??????? ??????? (Dolderthal) ??????? ??? ???? ????.
???? 1936,
[4]
????? ?? ???????, ??? ?????? ??????? ???????. ?????? ?? ?????? ??
?????? ??????
?????? ??? ?????? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ????????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ????? ?????. ?? ?? ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ??? ??????, ?? ???? 1981 ??? ???????? ????, ????? ?? ????? ????? ????? ??? ?
??????? ?????? ???????
?? ??? ????, ?? ??????? ??????? ??? ?? ?????? ???? ??? ????? ?? ???????? ???????? ?????? ?
???????
. ?????? ????? ?? ???? ???? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ?????? ???? ????????, ???? ???? (1902?1977).
???? ???? ??????? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ?'? ????'?? ?????
???????
, ??? ??????? ???????? ?? ?????? ??????? ????????. ?????? ???? ?? ????? ????? ??? ??? ????? ???????
?? ????
??????. ??? ????? 1935 - 1937 ??? ?? ?.?.?. ???? ??????? ????????? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ????.
???? 1937 ??????? ???? ?? ???? ?? ?????? ???"? ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??
?????????? ???????
, ???? ?????? ??? ??? ?????? ??? ?????? ??????? ?
?????????'
,
???'????
. ?????? ???? ?????? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ???????? ?? ???? ??????? ?????????, ?????? ????? ???? ???????? ????? ???? ??? ?????? ????
??? ??????
,
????? ????
,
??? ?? ???
,
?????? ?????
,
?'?? ?'?????
?
????? ?'?????
. ??? ???????? ?????? ????? ??????? ????? ????? ??????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ??? ???? ?
????????
, ?????? ?? ??????? ?
??????????????
.
?????? ???? ????? ??? ??????? ????, ???? ???????, ???? 1941 ??? ????? ?????? ????, ?? ????? ?????? ??????? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ???? ???? ?? ??????? ???? ?????.
[
???? ????
]
?????? ??? ???? ?? ??????? ????, ??????? ????? ??????, ????? ???? ???? ?????? ??????????, ??? ???? ???? ???? 1946 (??
???? ??????
?????? ????? ????? ???) ????? ?? ???? ?????? ??? ?? ????? ?? ??? ????.
??? ??? ?????? ?-1945 ??? ??? ???????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ???-?????? (????????), ?? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ??????? ??????? / ????? / ?????, ???????? ?? ??? ???? ?????, ??? ?? '?????' ?????? (??? ????? ?? ??????? ?? ??? ??, ?? ??????? ?????? ?????, ?????? ????? ??????) ????? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????????. ?????? ??? ????? ??? ???? ????? ????? ?
???????
: ??? ???? 1947 ?? 1948 ????? ???? 1951 ?? 1952. ??? ?? ???? ????? ???
???????? ?????? ???????
(MoMA) ???? 1949 ???? ????? ???? ????????? ?? ???????, ????? ????? ???? ????
???? ?????
. ????????? ??????, "???? ???" ???? ????? ?????
??? ??????
????? ????? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ????????? ???? ???
????? ????
. ??? ?????? ???????? ??????? ???????? ??? ??? ???
?????"?
????? ??????? ???? 1955 ??????? ????? ??????? ?
???? ??? ?'??
?
???????
???? 1954 (???, ?????? ???? ??? ?? ?????, ?????? ???????, ?????? "?????" ?? ??????, ?? ???? ?? ??????? ??? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ????? ?? ?? ??? ?????? ????? ?? ??????). ?????? ??? ???? ????? ???? ??????? ?? ??????: ???? ????????? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????? ????? ?
????
?????? ????? ???????? ???.
?????? ???? ?? ????? ???? ?????????? ?????, ????
????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?? ????? ?????
, ??????? ?????? ???? 1968. ???? ??????? ??? ?????? ??????, ??? ???????? ???????? ??? ??? ?????? ????. ????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?????
?'? ???
???? ??? ?? ?????? ?"10 ????? ?? ????".
[5]
????? ????? ???,
??? ??????
, ???? ?? "?????? ???? ??? ??? ?????? ???????? ????? ??? ????????? - ??? ????."
[6]
?????? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ???? ?????, ????? ??? ???? ?? ???
?????"?
??? ???? ????? ??
IBM
???? ???? ???? ???? ???? ???.
[4]
[7]
????? ???? 30 ??? ????? 100 ??????? ????? ??????, ?????? ??? ?? ???? ?????? ???? ??? ????? ???? ???????? ??? ?? ?????? ???????:
???? ?????'? ?????
??????"?;
????? ?????
,
????? ???'?
, ??????? ???? ??????? ????????? ???? ????, ???? ?'??? ?
???? ??????
?????. ?????? ??????? ???? ???? ????? ??? ????? ?????, ?? ?? ??????? ??????? ???? ???? "????? ??????" ????? ??? ???.
???? ??????? ???????? ?? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ????? ??????:
- ?????? ????? ??????? ??????? ?
????? ?????????
???? ???? ???? ????? ???????? ??? ??????? ??????? ?????: ??? ????????,
??? ???????
, ??? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ????????,
???'????
.
- ????? ??? ???????? ??????? ?? "???? ???" ??????? ?-1948 ????
???????? ?????? ???????
???? ????, ????? ????? ??????? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ??? ???? ???? ??????????? ????? ?-50. ?? ??? ?? ?????? ????? ????? ?????,
???????
, ?? ????? ?????? ?? ?????.
- ?????? ????????? ?? ????? ???? ??????? ?????? ??????? ??
????? IBM
??????? ???? ??? ????, ???
???
, ????, ???????? ???? ????? ??????? ???????? ??? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ???? ????
?????
??
????
. ??? ???????? ????? ?? ??????? ?? ?????? ???? ??? ??????: "??? ?? ???? ???? ????? ???? ????? ??? ??? ??? ?????."
- ???? ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ???????? ????? ??????: ??????? ????? ????? ???,
Met Breuer
(?????
??????? ?????? ?????? ????????
), ????? ??????? ??????
??????
?????? ??? ?'??, ??????
???????
,
??????? ????????
??
??????-??????
, ????? ???? ??? ????? ?????.
?????? ??? ??????? ???? ???? ????? ???????? ????????? ???? ????? ?-100 ???? ???? 1968 ????????, ??????. ????? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?????, ??? ??? ????????? ??????? ?? ??????, ??? ??????? ?? ?????? ?????
???? ??????
?? ????? ???
???? ???? ?????
. ??????? ????? ?? ????. ??? ???? ?????? ??????? ???? ??? ???? ?? ?? ??? ?????. ?????? ?
??? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????
???? ?? ????? ?? ??? ???? ????? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ??????? ????? ????????? ????. ????? ????, ?????? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ????????? ?? ???????? ????? ?? ??????, ?? ??? ????? ??? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ???? ??????? ?
?? ????????
????? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ????? ????? ??? ?????? ?
???? ???????
??
??? ??? ?? ????
. ??? ??? ???? ???? ??? ??? ??????? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ??????? ??? ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ???????? ?????? ?????? ????? ????????. ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ???? 1981, ?????? ????? ?? ???? ???? (????? ???? 2002), ?? ??? ??? ???? ?'???. ?????? ?????? ???? ?? ???, ???????, ??? ????? ? ?? ????? ??? ???? ????, ???? ???? ????, ?? ????? ?? ???, ?? ??????, ????? ?? ??? ???????.
?????? ??? ???? ???????? ????????? ???????? ??? ????? ????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ??
?????????? ???????
??? ????? ???? ??????. ???? ??????? ???, ???? ????? ?????????? ??????? ???, ?????
??????? ?????? ?????????
?????????? ?????, ??? 1985 ?-1999, ?? ??? ???? ?? ??????, ???????.
[8]
- 1921
"????? ????????" ?? ????? ?
?????
????? ?????
(????? ?????? ??????)
- 1923
?????
?????? ?????
????? ?
??? ?? ?????
, ?????? (????? ?????? ??????)
- 1925
???? ????? ??????? ?????? (???? ?????)
- 1925
????? / ????? ?? ????? ??????? (????? ????? ???????)
- 1926 ????? ????
???????, ??????-???, ???????? ????? ? ???????? ? ????, ??????
- ???? ???????? ????
1927
? ?????, ??????
- 1927
Weissenhof Siedlung - Gropius and Stam Interiors ? ???????, ??????
- 1928
???? ??????? ????? ?????? (???? ?'??? )
- 1931
?????? ?????? ?? ????? - "??? ????????" ? ?????, ??????
- 1932
??? ?????????? ?-1 Harischischacher I ? ???????, ??????
- -
1954
??? ?????????? ?-2 Harnischacher II ? ???????, ??????
- 1932
?????? ?????? ??????? ? ??? ??????, ?????? ? ???? ??????? ?????
- 1935
????? ??????? - ?????, ?????? ? ?? A ?-E Roth ???? ??????? ?????
?? ??????? ??????? ????? ?? ?.?.?. ???? - ??????
[
????? ??? ????
|
?????
]
- 1935
Isokon ?????? ???? - ??????? ?? ???? ??????? ??????, ??????, ??????
- ???? ?????? ???????,
1936
- ?????? ?? ???? ????? - ??????, ??????
- 1936
???? ?????? ????????? - ??????, ??????
- 1936
???? ?"???? ?????? ?? ????? "- ?? ?.?.?. ????
- 1936
???? ???????? ?? ???? -
???????
, ?????? - ?? ?.?.?. ????
- 1936??? ????? ???
House Sea Lane
, East Preston, West Sussex
- 1938
???? ????????, ????? ?????? ?????, ?????? - ?? ?.?.?. ????
??????????? ???????, ????????? ', ???'???? ?? ???????
[
????? ??? ????
|
?????
]
- 1938
??? ??????? - ???????, ???'???? - ?? ????? ???????
- 1938
??? ????? - ?????, ???'???? - ?? ????? ???????
- 1939
??? ?????? - ???????, ???'???? - ?? ????? ???????
- 1939
??? ???? - ???????, ???'???? - ?? ????? ???????
- 1939
??? ???? - ????????, ????????? - ?? ????? ???????
- 1939
??????? ??????? ?? ??? ????
- ?????? ????? ????????? - ?? ????? ???????
- 1940
????' ?'?????? - ??????, ???'???? - ?? ????? ???????
[9]
- 1941
??? ??????? - ??????, ???? ???????? - ?? ????? ???????
- 1941
????? ???? ?????? ????????? - ????????? ?????, ????????? - ?? ????? ???????
?????? ?????? ????? ????? ????????
[
????? ??? ????
|
?????
]
- ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ? -
1945
- ????????? ', ???'???? - ?? ????? ?. ???????
- 1945
??? ??? ?????? - ?????, ??? ????
- 1969
??? ??? ???? - ?????, ??? ???? - ?? ????? ??????
- 1946
??? ???????? - ????? ??????, ??? ????
?????? ?????? ???? ???? ?? ??????
[
????? ??? ????
|
?????
]
- 1947
??? ?????? - ???? ?????, ??????? (???????)
- 1951
??? ?????? - ???? ????? ?????, ??????? (??? ???)
- 1947
??? ???? - ???? ?????, ???????
- 1947
?????? ??????? -
??? ?? ?????
, ???????? - ?? ??????? ??????
- 1947
??? ???????? - ???????????, ???'????
- 1948
??? ????? - ???? ?????, ??????? - ?? ????? ????
- 1948
??? ???? - ????, ???'????
- ??? ???????
1948
- ???????, ?????????
- 1949
????'?? ?? ??? ??????? - ???????, ???'????
- -
1953
????' ???? ?????? - Wellfleet, ???????, ???'????
- 1963
???? ????' - ???????, ???'????
- 1949
??? ???? ?????? - ????????, ??????
- 1959
??? ???? ???? - ????????, ?????? - ?? ????? ??????
- 1949
??? ??? ???????? ???????? ?????? ??????? (MoMA), ??? ????
- ??? ????
1950
- ???? ??????, ??? ?'??? - ????? ?? ???? ??? ???????? MoMA
- 1950
- ????- ????????, ??? ?'??? - ????? ?? ???? ??? ???????? MoMA
- 1950
??? ??? - ?'?????? (Chappaqua), ??? ???? - ????? ?? ???? ??? ???????? MoMA
- 1950
??? ???? - ?????? ??? ?????, ??? ????
- 1950
??? ??????? ?????? - ??? ?????, ??? ????
- 1950
??? ????? - ?????', ????????
- 1950
??? ?????? - ?????????, ??? ????
- 1950
??? ?????? - ?????????, ??? ????
- 1950
??? ????? ?????? ?????? - ???'????, ???????
- 1965
??? ????? ?????? ???? - ???'????, ??????? - ?? ????? ??????
- 1974
??? ????? ?????? ?????? - ???'????, ??????? - ?? ???'??? ?????????
- 1950 ???
???? ????? ????? - ???????, ??? ????
- ?????? ????????? ???????
1950
?
????? ????
- ???????, ??? ????
- 1951
??? ?? - ?????????, ??? ????
- 1951
??? ??????? - ????? ?????, ??? ????
- 1951
????? ??? ????? - ????? ???????? - ??????????, ??? ????
- 1951
??????? ???????? ?? ???? ????? ????? ?????, ??????
- 1951
????? ?? ?????? - ???? ??????? - ??????, ??? ????
- 1952
????' ????? - ??????, ???????
- 1952
??? ??? - ????????, ??? ?'???
- 1953
????? ????? - ???? ????? - ???????, ??????? - ????
- 1954 ??? ??? - ????? ????, ?????
- 1956
????? ????? - ???? ????? - ??? ????, ????????? - ?? ????? ?????
- 1963
????? ????? - ????? ??????? - ?????????, ??????? - ?? ????? ???'?
- 1964
????? ????? - ???? ?????? ?????, ?????, ?? ??????? ????
- 1966
????? ????? - ????? ?????? - ??????????, ??????? - ?? ????? ??????
- 1966
????? ????? - ???? ?????? - ????????, ?????? - ?? ????? ???'?
- 1968
????? ????? - ???? ????? - ???'???, ???????? - ?? ????? ???'?
- 1971
????? ???? - ???? ???? - ?????????, ??????? - ?? ????? ??????
- 1976
????? ????? - ???? ????? - ?????' ???????? - ?? ????? ??????
- 1953
?????????? ????? ??? ?'?? - ?????? ?? - ????????, ??????? - ?? ??????? ????'
- 1955
???? ??? ?'?? - ??? ????? - ????????, ??????? - ?? ??????? ???? '
- 1959
?????????? ??? ?'?? - ???? ??? ????? ??????? - ????????, ??????? - ?? ??????? ????'
- 1961
???? ??? ?'?? - ?????? ????? ????? - ????????, ??????? - ?? ??????? ???? '
- 1966
?????? ?????? ??????????? ??? ?'?? ?????????, ???????, ?? ??????? ????'
- 1966
?????????? ??? ?'?? - ????? ???? ?? ???? ???? - ????????, ??????? - ?? ??????? ????'
- 1967
?????????? ??? ?'?? - ?????? ??? ?????, ??? ??????? ???? ????? - ????????, ??????? - ?? ??????? ????
- 1968
?????????? ??? ?'?? - ????? ??????? - ????????, ??????? - ?? ????? ???'?
- 1953
??? ???? ?????? ????'???? - ???'????, ??????? - ?? ??????? ?? ?????
- 1956
??? ??? ????? ???? - ?????, ??????? - ?? ??????? ?? ?????
- 1956
????? ???'???? (???'????, ???????) - ?? ??????? ?? ??????
- 1954
??? ????? - ?????? ??? ?????
- 1954
??? ????? - ???? ????, ???? - ?? ????? ???'?
- 1954
??? ?????? - ??????, ???'????
- 1954
??.??. ???????? ??"? - ???? ????? - ???????, ??? ???? - ?? ?????? ???????
- 1954
??? ?????? - ????', ??????? - ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ???'?
- 1954
??? ?????? - ???'????, ??????? - ?? ????? ??????
- 1955
???????? ?'????? ?? ??????? - ???'????, ??????? - ?? ????? ??????
- 1956
??? ????? -?????? ???, ??????
- 1957
??? ??? - ??????, ???'???? - ?? ????? ??????
- 1957
???? ???? "??????"
De Bijenkorf
- ??????, ????? - ?? ?. ????
- 1957
???? ????? ????? ???????? ??????? ?????????, ??? ?'??? - ?? ????? ???'?
- 1958
??? ?????"?
- ????, ???? - ?? ???? ?????'? ????? ?????? ?'????
- 1958
??????? ????? ????? - ???, ?????
- 1958
????? ??????
?? ??? ??? - ?????????, ?????
- 1958
??? ??????? - ????????, ?????? - ?? ????? ??????
- 1958
??? ????? -
??'???
, ??????
- 1959
??? ????? ??????? ?? ?????'??? - ?????????, ??? ???? - ?? ?????? ???????
- 1960
????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ????? ???????, ??? ???? - ?? ????? ????
- 1959
????? ?????? - ???? - ??????, ???? ????? - ?? ??????? ????'
- 1968 ????? ?????? ????
1968
- ????? ??? -
??????, ????? ???????
- ?? ???'???? ?????????
- 1960
??? ???? ?? ?????? - ??????????, ??? ?'??? - ?? ????? ??????
- 1960
??? ???? ?? ?????? ????? - ?????? ?? - ????? ?????, ???? - ?? ????? ??????
- 1969
??? ????? ????? - ????? ??????? ??????? ?? ????? ???'? ????? ?'???
- 1961
?????????? ??? ????
- ???? ?????? ????????? - ???????, ??? ???? - ?? ????? ???'?
- 1961 ?- 1970
?????????? ??? ???? - ???? ????????? - ?? ??????? ????'
- 1961
??? ?? ???? - ???? ???? - ?? ????, ???? - ?? ????? ???'?
- ??? 1968
?????? ??? ???? - ?? ???? - ?? ????? ???'? ????? ?'???
- 1961
??? ??????? - ??? ???, ???????
?????? ???? ????, ?? ?? ????? ???????
[
????? ??? ????
|
?????
]
- 1963
????? ???????? ????? - ?????, ??? ???? - ?? ??????? ????
- 1966
??? ????? - ????? (????), ?????? - ?? ????? ??????
- 1966
??????? ?????? ?????? ???????? (???? ?- Bre Breuer ) - ??? ???? - ?? ??????? ???? '
- 1966
?????? ??? ?????? ?? ???? - ???????, ?????? - ?? ????? ??????
- 1966
??? ?? ????? - ?????? ?? ?????? - ?????, ???? - ?? ????? ???'?
- 1967
Laboratoires Sarget-Ambrine - ???? - Merignac, ???? - ?? ????? Gatje
- 1968
????? HUD - ??? - ????????? ????? - ?? ????? ??????
- 1968
???
- ?????? ?? ????? ????? - ???? ????, ??????? - ?? ????? ???'?
- ??? 1970
- ????? ?? ??? ???? ????,?? ????? ???'?
- 1968
?????? ???? ???? ????? - ??? ???? - ?? ????? ??????
- 1969
????? ??????? ?? ????????? / ?????
- 1969
??? ??????? - ??????', ??????? - ?? ?????? ?????????
- 1970
?????????? ???'???? - ???? ?????? - ??????, ???'???? - ?? ????? ??????
- 1970
?????????? ??? - ????? ?????? ?"? ????? - ??? ?????, ??????? - ?? ??????? ????'
- 1970
??????? ??????? ?????? - ??? ?????? -
???????, ?????
- ?? ??????? ????'
- 1970
???? ????? ????????? - ??? - ??? ?????, ??????? - ?? ????? ????
- 1970
???? ????? - "??? ???" - ?????, ?????? - ?? ????? ???'?
- 1971 ????
??????? ?????? - ??? - ???????, ????? - ?? ??????? ????'
- 1971
??? ???? ????? ?? ????? ???? - ????? ?????? - ????????, ?????? - ?? ??????? ????'
- 1973
??? ???? - ???????, ???? - ?? ???? ?'??? ?????? ???'?
- 1974
???? ???????? ???????? - ???? ?????? - ?????, ????'???? - ?? ??????? ????'
- 1974
SNET - ????? ?????? ????? - ?????????, ??????? - ?? ??????? ????'
- 1975
??? Grand Coulee -
???? ??? ???????
- ???? ?????, ????????? - ?? ??????? ????'
- ??? ????? ????
1978
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?????????? -???? ???? - ???????, ?????? - ?? ????? ???'?
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??????? ???????? ?? ????????? ?????? - ??????????, ????'???? ??????? - ?? ??????? ????'
- 1976
????? HEW - ??? - ????????? ????? - ?? ????? ??????
- 1977
???? ???????-
???? ?????
- ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ???????? - ??????, ??? ???? - ?? ????? ???'?
- 1980
??????? ???????? ??????? ??
??????
- ?????? - ?? ??????? ????'
???? ???????? ??????
?????????? ?????, ??? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?? ???? ?????? ??? ??????
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??? ???????
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?????? ????????
(???? 1944): 65-76.
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??? ???????
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??????? ?????? ??????
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?????? ????????
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??????? ?????? ??????
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??? ???????
(???? 1950).
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?????? ?????????
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??? ??? ?????????
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??? ???????
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(??? 1949): 94-101.
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(????? 1939): 29-35.
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????
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??? ???????
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?????
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Pilotis
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??? ????
(??? 1952).
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?????? ?????????
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??? ???????
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?????
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?????? ?????? ?????
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??? ????
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?????? ????????
(????? 1952).
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??? ???
(?????? 1947).
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??? ???????
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(1949). [??????]
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???????? ???????????? ??????????
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??????????? ???: ????
, ?????. ??? ????? ????? ?????. ??? ????: Grosset & Dunlap, 1964.
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?????? ??????
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??? ???
, ????? 1940.
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??????? ?????? ?????????, ???? ????'??????
:
- -
?????? ??????? ?? ???? ??????
??????? ?????? ???? ???????? ?????????, ??????? ???? ???????, ?????????, ?????? ?????? ????????, ???????, ?????, ?????, ???????, ???? ????????, ????? ??????, ??????? ??????? ???????.
- -
???? ?????? ????? ???? ??????
, ??? ????????? ?'?? ????'???, ????? ???????? ??????????? ?????? ??????, ??????? ?? ???? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?????????, ????????? ?????.
- -
???? ??????: ????? ??? ???
??? ????? ??????? ??????? ???? 2002.
- ???? ??????, ???? ??? ?'?? ????????????
- ???? ??????, 1902-1981.
???? ?????? Breuer: ???? (?????????? ???????)
- ???? ?????? ???? ?'??: ??????? ????? ?????? ????? ??? ????? ????? ?????????
???? ??????? ?? ????? ?????.
- ?????? ???????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ??? ?????? / ?????? ??????? ????????? ?? ?????????? ??? ?'?? "??????"
- ?????? ???????? ?? ????? ????? ???????? ????? ?? ????? ?????, ???? ?????? ????? ?'???
- ??? ??????
, 1948
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- ^
Louie, Elaine.
"The Many Lives of a Very Common Chair"
. The New York Times
. ???? ?-
18 ???????? 2017
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"Marcel Breuer papers, 1920-1986: Biographical Note"
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1 ??????? 2017
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Sennott, =Stephen (2004).
Encyclopedia of Twentieth Century Architecture
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Marcel Breuer, 79, Dies
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Connelly, "As Suburbs Reach Limit, People Are Moving Back to the Cities",
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Hyman, Isabelle.
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"Chamberlain Cottage"
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