???? ???? ?'?????

???? ???? ?? ?? ?????? ?'?????
Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center
	??? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ?'?????, 1989
???? ????
?????	????? ?????
?????? ??	???"?
?????? ??	Astromaterials Research and Exploration Science Directorate
????? ????	1 ??????? 1961
?????? ?????	????? ?????? ????
???"?	????? ?????
??? ?????	?????? , ???? ; 29°33′46.8″N 95°5′27.6″W / 29.563000°N 95.091000°W
??????	3,200
	?? ???? ?? JSC
???????????	29°33′30″N 95°05′20″W / 29.558333333333°N 95.088888888889°W

???? ???? ?? ?? ?????? ?'????? (? ?????? : (Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center (JSC ) ??? ???? ???????, ???? ? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ?????? ? ??? ? ???????? ???"? . ????? ???? ???? ?????? , ???? ????? ??100 ????? ??????? ?? ??? ?? ??1,620 ???? ^[1]. ???? ?'????? ??? ???? ???? ?? "???" ???????????? ?? ????? ?????, ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ??????????? ??? ?????? ?? ??????????? ??????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????. ????? ????? ?????? ????, ?? ?? ?????? ??????, " Mission Control " (???? ?????).

?????, ????? ????? ?" ????? ?????? ??? ??????? ", ??? ???? ????? ?????? ???? (Space Task Group) ????? ??? ???? ???? ???"? ??? ???? ?? ?????? ???? ??????? ???. ????? ???? ?? ??? ????? ?? ??? ?????????? ???? ????? ??1963. ??19 ??????? 1973 ???? ??? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ?'????? , ????? ?????. ?????, ????? ?????? JSC, ??? ??? ?????? ???? ??????? ????????? ????? ?? ???"? .

???????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

????? ?? ???? ???? ?'????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?'?????, ?? ?????, ??1958. '????? ?????? ????' ????? ??5 ??????? 1958 ?? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ??????? ??? ????? ??????' ??? ???? ?? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ???? ???.

?? ????? ????? ?'?? ???? ??1961, ?? ????? ?????? ??? ?? ???? ?? ??? ?????, ????? ????? ?????? ???? ?? ??????? ?? ?????? ????? , ???? ???? ?? ??????' ????? ????? ???? ????, ?? ????? ??????? ???? ??????? ???? ?? ????.

??????? 1961, ???? ?? ?'?? ?. ??????, ???? ???? ? ???? ????? ????? , ????? ???? ?????? ??? ?????. ???? ??? ???? ????? ??? ???? ??????? ???, ??? ??? ????? ???? ??? ??? ????? , ???? ? ????? ?????? ??????, ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????, ????? ??? ??????, ??? ????? ????? ??????? ???????? ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???????.

?????? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ???? ????? ????? ????? ?? ??? ????? ????? , ????? ?? ???? ??????? ?? ?????? ?????? ???? ???????????? , ?????????? ?????? ??????????? ????. ????? ????? ????? ?? ??? ?????????? ???? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ??40 ?"? ?????? ??????? ?? ?? ???? ???????? .

??19 ??????? 1961, ????? ???? ???"? ?'???? ??? ?? ????? '????? ?????? ????' ?'???? ????? ???? ????????' (MSC) ????? ???????. ??? ???? ?????? ?? ???, ???? ??????' ?????? ?????? ????? ??????? ???????. ??1 ??????? ??? ????? ??? ?? ?????? ?????.

???? ?????, ?????? ?? ??? ?'???? ????? , ???? ?????? 1962, ??????? ???? ?? ??????' ??? ??????? ????? ???????. ????? ????, ??? ???? ???? ??????????? ???? ?? ?????? ???? ?????????, ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????, ??? ?????? ?? ?? ???? ???? ????.

?????, ????? ?? ??? ??? ?? ??6.6 ??"? ???? ????? ??????? 1963 ?????? ?????. ????? ???? ????? ???? ????? ??????? ?????? ?? ?? ?????? ???? ???????? ?? ????? ????? ? ?????? ?'???? ?????. ???? ????? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ?'???? 4 ????? 1965.

????? ?????? ???????????? ??????, ????? ???? ?? ?'????? ???' ???? ????? ??? ?????? ???? ?????? ???????????? ??? ??? ???????????? ????? ???? ????? ?? ????. ????? ?????? ?? ???? ?'????? ?????? ? ???? ?????? ??????? ????? ???????????? ??????? ?'???? ?????? ???? ?????? ???? ?????????.

?????? ???? ?????? ???? ?'???'? ??28 ?????? 1986, ???? ????? ????? ???, ????? ????? ????? ????? ????? ??31 ?????? ????? ???? ??????? ????? ???????????? ?????.

????? ?'????? ?????? ???? ????? ???????? ?????? ??? ????? 5 ???? ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ??????? ?? ?????? ????? ????? ???? ?? ????? ????? 19 ??????.

??20 ?????? 2007 ???? ???? ?????? 44, ??? ???, ??? ??? ??? ???? ?? ????? . ?????? ???? ???? ????? ???? ??????? ???????? ?????.

??????? 2008 ???? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ???? ?????????.

??13 ??????? 2008 ??? ?????? ???? (??????? 3) ????????? ???? ??? ??? ????? ????? ??????? ??????.

?????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

???? ???? ?'????? ??? ???? ????? ?? ???? ????? (Christopher C. Kraft Jr. Mission Control Center) ?? ?? ?????? ???????? ?? ???"?. ???? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ?????? ??? ??????. ???? ?????? ????? ??? ????? ??????? ? ???? ???? ?????????? ???? ?? 2011 ???? ?? ?? ?????? ??????? ???? .

???? ???? ?'????? ??? ???? ???????? ?????? ???????????? ???? ????? ????? ???????? ??????? ??. ??? ?????? ???????? ???????? ???????? ????? ??? ????? ??? , 23,000 ????? ??????? ????, ?? ??????? ???????????? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ????.

???? ?'????? ????? ?? ?? ?????? ?? White Sands Test Facility ? ??? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ??????? ???? (?? ????? ?? ???? ?? ??????) ???? ???? ???? ????? ??????? ? ?????? ?????????? ?????? ?????? 2010 ^[1].

????? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ? ???? ?????? .

???? ???????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

????? ?'????? ??????? ???? ??3,200 ?????? ?????? ??110 ??????????? . ??????? ??????? ?? ??? 15 ????? ???? ??????? ??????? ??? United Space Alliance ??????? ??40% ???????? ??JSC. ??2005 ????? (??????) ?? ???? ?'????? ??? ????? ?????.

?????? ???????????? ??????? ????? ?'?????. ??????? ?????? ????????? ?????? ??????? ?? ?????? ?????? ???? (?? 2011), ??????? ??????? ??????? ??????? , ????? , ???????????? , ???????, ?????????? ? ?????? ^[2]. ???????? ?????? ????? ????? ??????? ?? ???? ???? ??? ??????? ?????. ???????? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ^[3]. ??????? ????? ???? ??????? ??Sonny Carter Training Facility (????? ????? ????? ???? ????). ???????? ?????? 15 ???? ???? ??????? ??? ????? ?? T-38 ????? ?? ???"? ???????? ????? ???????? ?????. ????? ???? ???????? ??????? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ???? ?? ??2011 ^[2]. ???????? ??????? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ????? ??????? ??? ?????? ?? ??? ??????? ?????? ?????, ?? ?? ??????? ?????? ????? ?????? ???? ?? ?????.

???? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

????? ?'????? ?????? ??????? ????? ??????? ????????? ?? ???"?. ?????????? ?????? ????? ???? ?????? ???? ????????? ?????? ???? ?? ??? ?????? ??????, ??????, ??????, ??????, ?????? ??????????? ^[4].

????? ??????? ???? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

???? ?'????? ???? ???? ???? ????? ??? ???????? ???? ????? ??????, ?? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ??????, ????? ????? ^[5].

??? ?? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

??????? ???????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

??? ???????? ????? ?? ???? ???? ?'????? (???????)

???? ???? ?'????? , ???? ??????? ???????
???? ???? ?'????? , ???? ??????? ??? ( ?????? )
???? ???? ?'????? , ???? ??????? ????????
???? ???? ?'????? , ??????? ? ???? ???????
???? ???? ?'????? , ???? ?????
?????? ???? ?????

????? ?????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

[ה1-1] ¹ ² http://www.sti.nasa.gov/tto/spinoff1997/ar5.html

[ה17-2] ¹ ² http://spaceflight.nasa.gov/shuttle/reference/factsheets/asseltrn.html

[ה19-3] ttp://archive.rubicon-foundation.org/1273

[ה21-4] ttp://www.nasa.gov/centers/johnson/pdf/167745main_FS_JSC508c.pdf

[5] ttp://blog.chron.com/sciguy/2011/04/houston-weve-had-a-problem-space-city-snubbed-in-bid-for-retired-space-shuttle/

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]