????? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ??? ???? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ? ????? ?????? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ???????????? ???????? ??????? ????? ????? ?????? .

???? ?????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

????? ????? ????? ???? 2010 , ????? ????? ? ??? ????? ?????? . ?????? ????? ?? ??? ??"? ?"? ??? ????? ???? , ??? ??????? ??? ??? ????? ?? ??????? ?????? (???? JELS ^[1] ?- PNAS ). ???? ????? ???? ?????? ?"? ??? ????. ??????? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ? ?????? ?? ???? ????? .

?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ?????, ??????? ?????? ?? ?????? ????? ???????. ???? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ????? ?????? , ??? ????? ????? ?? ???? ????? ???????? ?????? (????? ?????? ?"? ???? ???? ) ????? ??? ????? ?????? ???????? (????? ?"? ???? ???? ).

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????? ?????? ???????? ??? ??? ?????? ??? ???? ??? ??????? - ???? ???? ????? ????? ?????. ?????? ????? ??????????? ????????, ????????? ?????????, ??????? ????????? ???????? ????? ???? ?????.

?????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?????, ??? Federal Judicial Center ^[2] ? ????? ????? ?-European Commission for the Efficiency of Justice ^[3] ? ?????? - ??? ????? ?????? ?-2012 ???? ?? ?????? ?????? ?????. ?????? ????? ?????? ???????? ?? ?????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ????????????? ??????.

??????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ??????? ????????? ??????. ??, ???? ?? ?????? ?????? ?? ????' ???? ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ^[4] ????? ?? ????? 99% ????? ????? ?????? ^[5] . ???? ???? ?? ?????? ??? ?? ????? ??????? ??????? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ???????, ?????? ??? ???? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ?????. ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ^[6]

??????? ???????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

• ??? ???????? ????? ?? ????? ????? ?? ????? ??????
• ??? ????? ????? ?? ????? ??????
• ??? ????? ???? ????? ???????, ????? ???????? ????? ?????? ???? - ????? ???? ?????? ?????? , ???? ??????
• ???? ?? ???????, ??????, ????? ????? ?????? ??????? , 23 ???? 2012, ???? ???????
• ???? ???-???? ? ??? ????? ???? , ?? ???? ?? ????? ??????? ?????? , ???? ynet , 7 ??????? 2012
• ???? ???? , ? ?????: ??? ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ??????? , ???? ????? , 30 ??????? 2010
• ???? ?????, ????: 70% ?????? ??????? ??????? , ???? nrg ‏, 13 ???? 2012
• ???? ???? , ? ???? ??? ???? ?? ????? ?? ?? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? , ???? ????? , 18 ??????? 2013
• ??? ?????, ?????? ?????? ???? ??????? , ???? ??????? , 19 ??????? 2013
• ??"? ??? ????, ???? ??? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ????? 19 ??????? 2013, ???? ?????

????? ?????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]