???? (?????)

?????? ?????? ????? ????? ?? ??????. ???? ????? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ???? (????? ??????)

???? (?? ??? ) ? ????? ?????? ??? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ??? . ????? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ????? ???? ????? . ? ????? ?????? ? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???? ???????, ?? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ?????? ????????, ????? ????? ??? ??????? ????? ?????.

???? ????? ???? ???? ??? ???? ????? ?? ??? ????? ???, ???? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ???????? ?????? ???? ?????, ?????? ???????. ???? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ?????, ??????? ?? ????? ?? ????? ?? ?????.

????? ????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

???? ???? ???? ?????? ??? ?????? ??? , ???? ??? ? ?????? /?????????? ????????/???????/??? ????? ?? ??????? ???? /???-????.

???? ?????? ? ?????? ???? ??? $\ \sigma ={\frac {dF}{dA}}$ ????: $\sigma$ ? ??? ?????, $F$ ? ??? ???? ?????, $A$ ? ??? ??? ????.

????? ???? ????? ???? ?????? $\ \tau ={\frac {dF}{dA}}$

???? ????? ???? ????? ????? ?? ???? ???, ??? ?? ????? ????? ??? ???? ???? ???, ????? ???. ? ????? , ????? ?????? ????, ???????? ??????? ????.

??????? ?? ???? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

?????? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ?? ??? ????? ?????, ?????? ??????? ?? ?????? ??? ?????? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ??????? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ????. ?? ??? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ????. ??????? ????????? ?? ??? ??? ???????, ?????? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ??????? ??? ??? ???? ????. ???? ??????? ?????????, ????? ?????? ???? ?? ??????? ??????? ?? ???????.

????? ????-????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

??? ????? ? ????? ????-?????

??? ????? ??? ?? ???? ??????? ?????? (?? ?? ?????? ????? ????, ??? ??? ?????? ????). ????? ?? ?????? ????? ???? ????? .

?????? (strain) [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

?? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ?? ????? (???? ???, ???? ?????) ?????? ???????, ???? ???? ??? ??? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? "?????" (strain). ????? ????-????? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ???? ???? ?? ??? ?? ?????. ????? ?????? ?? ??????? ????-????? ??? ???????? ???????, ????? ?? ?????? ??? ??? . ???? ?? ???? "????? ? ????? ". ????? ????? ?????? ??? ????, ????? ?? ???? ????? ????? ????????? ?? ????? ???????, ??? ????? ?? ??? ??????? (??? ???? ????).

???? ???? ???????? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ????. ???? ?? ???? "????? ??????". ????? ????? ?????? ??? ?? ????, ????? ?? ???? ???? ?????, ???? ?? ????? ?????? ??????. ???? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ?? ??????? ???????, ??? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ????, ????? ??? ? ??? ?????. ?????? ??????? ???? ????? ????? ?????? (?? ???? ??????), ???????? ????? ????? ????? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ?? ?????? (??? ?? ???? ??? ????? ???? ???? ??? ?? ?????? ???? ?????? ??????). ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ????, ?? ????? ????.

?????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

?????? ?????? ??????? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ?????? ????. ?????? ??? ????? ? ??? ??? ???? ???? ????, ???? ????? ??? ????? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ??? ????? ?????. ????? ????? ????? ? ?????? ????????? ? ?????? ?????? ???? ??????? ???????, ???? (???? ????? ???? ?????) ???? ?? ??????? ?????????? ??????? ?? ?????? ?? ?? ????? ?? ????? ?????. ?? ???? ???? ????? ???????? ????? ????? ?? ??? ???? ?? ?????, ???? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????? ??? ???? ?????? ???????.

???? ?????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

???? ?? ?????? ? ????? ??? ????? ???????? ?? ????? ????-?????. ????? ????? ?????? ??? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ????????. ??? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ??, ?? ???????? ??? ?????? ????? ??????, ??? ?????? ?? ???? ? ???? ?????? , ??? ???? ?? ???? ?? ????? ?????. ??? ????? ??????? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ????, ?? ??? ?? ???? ???????? ????? ???????? ????, ?? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ????.

????? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ??????? ??? ???????? ???? ???? ??? ?? ?????. ???? ?? ???? ??????? ????? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ??????? ??????, ????? ??? ???? ????? ?? 1.5?5.

???? ?????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

?????? 3 ????? ?? ?????? ???? ????: ????? (????? ?? ??????? ?????? ??? ?????), ????? (????? ?? ??????? ?????? ??? ????) ?????? (????? ?? ??????? ?????? ?? ??? ?? ?????? ????? ??? ????? ??????). ??? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??? ?? ????? ?? ?????? ???.

???? ????? ? ???? ????? ??? ????? ??? ????? ???????? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ?????. ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ?????.
???? ????? ? ????? ?? ?????? ??? ????? ?? ???????? ???? ?? ??? ?????, ?? ???? ?? ????? ???? ????.
???? ????? ? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?? ??????? ?????? ????? ????? , ??? ??? ?? ????? ???? ???? ???? ??? ???? ????.
???? ????? ? ??? ???? ???? ?? ????? ???? ??? ?????? ?????? ???? ???? ?? ???.
???? ????? ? ???? ????? ??? ??? ??????? ???????? ?????? ???? ??? ?????.
???? ????? ? ???? ?????? ????? ???? ??????? ??????. ???? ???? ?? ?????. ????? ???? ????? ????? ????.

??? ?? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

????? ??????

?????? ????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

Timoshenko S.P, Strength of Materials , 3rd edition, Krieger Publishing Company, 1976. ISBN 0-8827-5420-3
Sybil P. Parker Editor in Chieh. McGraw-Hill Encyclopedia of Engineering , McGraw Hill Book Company, 1983, ISBN 0-0704-5486-8
S.P. Timoshenkoo & J.N. Goodier Theory of Elasticity , 3rd edition, International Student Edition, McGraw-Hill, 1970.

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