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????????? ( Lithosphere ; ???????: λ?θο? ????= ??? , σφα?ρα ?????=????) ??? ?????? ???????? ????? ?? ???? ??? ????.

אוקיינוסקרום כדור הארץקרום כדור הארץמעטפת כדור הארץגלעין כדור הארץתחום אי הרציפות וייכרט-גוטנברגתחום אי הרציפות ג'פריסאסתנוספירהליתוספירהתחום אי הרציפות מוהו
????? ??????????? ?? ???? ???? ????


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?????????? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ?????? ?? ???? ???? , ???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ????? ???????? . ?????????? ????? ?? ? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????? . ??????? ??? ????? ??? ? ?????????? , ???? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ??????? ??? ?????? ??????? . ????? ??? ?????????? ??????????? ????? ??????? ????? ??????? ?? ???? ???????? ???????? ?????? ? ?????? .

???? ?????? ??????? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ? ???????? ????? ???????? ?????, ??????? ????? ???? ?? ??????? ???????? ????? ? ????? ?????? ? ????? ??? . ??????? ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ????????? (??? ?????), ????? ?????? ??? ???? ????. ????? ?? ?? ?????????? ?????? ? ??????? ???????? ?????? , ?????? ????? ? ????? ?????? .

????? ?????????? ????? ???????? ???? ?? ???? ???? ????? ?? ??? ? ?????? ? ??????? ?'??? ???? (Joseph Barrell‏, 1869?1919) ????? ??????, ???? ?????? ?? ????? ?? ????? ????????? ? ????? ??? ????? ??????. ???? ???? ??? ?? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ????? (???? ???? "?????????") ??? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ????? (???? ???? "??????????"). ????????? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ??????? ? ???? ??'???? ????? (Reginald Aldworth Daly‏, 1871?1957) ??????? ??????? ????????? ?? ??????????? . ??????? ??? ???? ????????? ???? ?? ??? ?????????? ???? ????? ???? ???????? ???????? ?????? (?????? ? ???? ?-60 ?? ???? ?-20 ) ???? ??????? ???????.

???? ????????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

???? ??? ???? ?????????:

  • ????????? ???????? , ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ???????.
  • ????????? ?????? , ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ?????.

?????? ????????? ????? ?????????? ????????? ????? ?? 50?100 ?"? (?? ???? ? ????? ????? ????????? ??? ?? ???? ??? ??????), ???? ??????????? ??????? ??? ?? ???? ???? ?? ???? ?????: 40-200 ?"?. ???? ?????? - ????? ??? ??? 30?50 ?"? - ?? ????????? ?????? ???????? ??? ????. ??? ?????? ?? ?????????? ???? ???? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ???????? . ?????????? ????????? ????? ????? ???? ???? , ?????? ??????-????? (????????) ???? ????? ???? ??????????? ???????. ?????????? ????????? ????? ??? ??????? ?????, ??? ??? ??? ??????? ??????? ????? ?????????. ??????? ?????? ???? ?????????? ???? ????? ???? ????? ??????????, ?????? ??????? ?????????? ????????? ?????. ?????????? ????????? ??? ???? ????? ???? ??????????? ???? ????? ??????? ????, ??? ??? ?? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ????????????. ??? ?????? ???????????? ?? ?????????? ????????? ?????? (??? ???????) ????? ????? ?? ????? ????? ?????????? ????????? ?????? ????? ???? ???? ?????????? ??????, ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ????????. ????????? ???????? ???? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ????? ?????????, ??????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????. ?????? ???, ?????????? ????????? ????? ??????????? ???????: ????? ???????? ???? ????? ??? ?? 170 ?????? ???, ???? ?????? ??????????? ??????? ?? ??? ???????? ????. ?????? ??????? ????? ?? ?????????? ??????? ?????? ?????? (craton), ???? ?????? ??????????? ?? ????? ???? ????? ??? ??????? ????. ??????? ?????? ????? ??????? ??????? ?? ????? ??????? ????? ??????? ??????? ????.

?????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

?????? ????? ?????????? ?????????? ??? ?????? ?????? ???. ??? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????????, ?????????? ????? ????? ??? ????? ??? ???????? ?????? ??????? ??????, ???? ???????????? ??? ??? ???? ??????? ?? ???? ???? ??????? ?????? ??????. ???????? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ?? ?????? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ?? ????????? ??????? (???? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ?"????" ????), ??????? ???? ???? ? ?????????? , ?? ?????? ???????? ?????. ????????? ?? ?????????? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ????. ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ?????????? ???? ???? ???????? ????? ???? ?? 3 ??????? ???, ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ???????? ??????.

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?????? ????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

  • Barrell, J. 1914a The strength of the Earth's crust. Journal of Geology.22, 425-433
  • Barrell, J. 1914b The strength of the Earth's crust. Journal of Geology 22, 441-468
  • Barrell, J. 1914c The strength of the Earth's crust. Journal of Geology 22, 655-683
  • Carlson, R. W., Pearson, D. G., and James, D. E., 2005, Physical, chemical, and chronological characteristics of continental mantle. Reviews of Geophysics 43, 8755-1209/05/2004RG000156
  • Daly, R. 1940 Strength and structure of the Earth. New York: Prentice-Hall
  • Jordan, T. H. 1978 Composition and development of the continental tectosphere. Nature 274, 544-548
  • Stanley Chernicoff and Donna Whitney. Geology. An Introduction to Physical Geology , 4th ed., Pearson 2007

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