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???? ??????? ?????? ???? ???? ??????? ?????? ???? ??????? ??? ??? ??? ????? ????? ???? ???? ???? ???? ????? ????, ????? ???? ???? ?? ????? ?
?????? ?????
(
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)
??? ????? ???? ?? ????? ??????. ???? ????? ????? ??????? ????
?????? ??????
?????? ?????? ????????? ?????, ??? ???????? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ??? ???"?, ?? ???? ????? ??????? ????, ??? ?????? ?????? ????? ????. ????? ?????? ????? ??
???????
,
?'???
,
????????
,
??????
?
??????
. ???? ?-2023, 69% ?????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???? ??????? ????
[1]
.
??? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??? ?? ?? ??????????? ?????? ???????? ????? ?-1949
[2]
. ?
???? ?-50 ?? ???? ?-20
??????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ??. ????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ???? ????????? ??????, ????? ?????? ??????, ??-50 ???????? ????
[3]
. ??? ????? ??, ???? ?????? ?????? ??????? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ???? ????. ???? 1955, ????, ?????? ???????? 50 ???? 280 ???????
[4]
????? 1958 ?????? 50 ???? 400 ???????. ??????????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ??????? ?-75 ??? ???? ????
[5]
, ????? 1957, ?????? ?????? ?
?????
, ????? ??? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ???????? ?????, ??? ???? ???????? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ?????
[3]
. ???? ?????????? ?????? ??? ??? ????? ???? ?????????. ??? ????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ?? ??????? ??????, ????? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ????, ?????? ???????, ???? ???????? ??? ?? ?????? ??????
[6]
.
??????? 1964 ???? ??? ???? ?????? ?
?????????? ?? ????
????? ????? ?? ??????? ?????? ??? ?' ??' ????? ?? ?????? ????? ??????? ???? ??????
[7]
. ???? 1966 ???? 76 ???????? ?????? ??? ?' ?????? ??????????? ?? ????
[8]
. ???? ??? ???? ?? ???? ?? ????? ?? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?????, ???????? ?????? ????? ????? ???"?, ????? ?
??????
??
??????
.
?-
1964
???? ???? ??? ?"?
??? ???
, ????
??? ?????? ???"?
?
????
, ???? ??????? ?????? ????????, ???? ??? ?????? ???"? ????? ??????????? ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ??? ??????? ???? ??????? ??????? ?? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ??????????? ??????? ???????
[9]
. ???? ???? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ?? ????????? ???????? ????? ????? ???? ??? ???? ???????? ???????, ???? ??????????? ?????? ??????. ????? ??? ????? ?????? ??????? ???? ?????? ???? ???????? ???????? ????? ????? ???????. ??????? 1969 ?????? ????? ????? ?? ????? ???? ??? ?????? ???"? ??????? ??? ??????, ???????? ????? 40 ????????? ????????. ???? ???????? 1971 ????? ???? ??????? ??? ?' ?????? ???????. ?-1979 ???? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?"? ????? ?????? ??? ??????? ?????? ?"? ??? ????? ??????.
???? 1972 ???? ?????? ?-250 ???????? ?????? ??? ?????. 1500 ??????? ???? ????? ?
?????????? ???????
[10]
.
??? ???? ?????? ?
?????????? ??-??????
???? ?-1974 ?????? ??
????? ?????? ?????
(?? ???? ?????? ??????) ?
????? ?????? ??????
, ?????? ?????
?????? ?????? ????? ??????
???? 1973. ?????? ???? ?? ???? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ??????
???? ????
.
???? 2008 ???? ??????????? ?? ???? ????? ???? ???? ??????? ????? ????? ???? ?????
[11]
.
???????? 2002 ???? ???? ??? ???? ???? 2010 ?? ?????? ?? ???? ????????? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ???????. ????? 2007 ???? ???? ???? ??? ????? ??? ??? ???? ??????
[12]
. ???? 2011 ????? ????? ??, ?? ?????
??????? ?????? ????
. ???? ?? ???? 694 ???????? ??????? ????? ??????
[13]
.
????, ???? ??????? ???? ?????? ????? ???? ???? ??????? ??????? ?????
[14]
. ??? ??, ?????? ??????? ?????? ???? ??????
[15]
[16]
, ??? ??????? ??????? ?????? ????? ??????? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ???????? ????? ??????? ???????, ??? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??
????????????
???? ???? ????? ????, ??? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ???????? ??????? ?
???? ?????
????? ?????? ?????
[17]
. ???? ?????? ??????? ???????? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ?? ????????? ?????? ????? ????? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ??????
[18]
. ?????? ?????? ?????? ???? ??????? ??? ????? ??????
[19]
[20]
, ??????? ???? ???????? ??????? ????? ???? ???
[21]
??? ???? ?? ??? ????? ???????? ?????????? ?????? ??? ????? ???? ????????? ??????? ??????
[22]
.
???? ?????? ?-2024 ??? ????? ??????? ?????? ????? ????? ???? ?????????? ??? ???????? ??????? ??????, ??? ????????? ?? ??????? ?????? ???????? ????? ??????? ??? ???? ?
???? ??????? ?? ???? ??????
???? ???????? ?? ?? ???????? ??????? ????? ??????? ?????? ??????????? ??????. ????? ????? ?? ????? ???????? ????? ?????? ?
?????????? ?????
????? ?
?? ?????
, ?????? ????? ??????? ???????.
[23]
??????? ???-????? (?????? ?????)
[
????? ??? ????
|
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]
?????? ?????? ????
??? ??? ??????
??????? ????? ??????? ???? ?? 6 ???? ????
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?????????? ?????
.
[24]
.
?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ????, ???? ??????? ????????, ???????? ??? ??????? ????? (????'). ?????? ????? ???? ????? ??? ???? ????. ???? ?????? ?????? ???? ???? (??????? ???-???????) ??????? ????? ????
????
????? ?????? (
B.Sc.Med.
). ???? ???? ?????? ????????? ??????? ??? ?????? ?????????????? (??????? ???????). ??????, ????? ?????', ????? ???? ?????? ?????? (
M.D.
)
[25]
.
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[
????? ??? ????
|
?????
]
?????? ??????? ????? ?????? ??? ???? (???? ???? ???? ????') ????? ?????
???? ?????
??? ???? ?????? 80 ????? ???? ???????, ??? ???????? ????? ?? ????? ???, ????? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ?????????? ("????? ????"). ????? ????? ??????? ???? ???? ??? ????? ????? ???????. ??????? ????? ??????????? ?? ????,
[26]
?
?????? ?????? ????? (???)
??
?????????? ??-????
, ??????? ?????? ??
?????????? ????? ???????
??
?????????? ?? ??????
???? ???. ?????????? ??????? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ?? ??? ???, ??????? ?????? ???? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?? ??????? ??? ????? ??? ???????? ????? ?????. ??? ???????? ?????? ?????? ??? ?????? ???? ?????? ????????? ?? ??? ??? ?????? ???, ??????????? ????? ??? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ????. ?????? ????? ????? ??? ???????? ??????? ?????-????? ?? ???? ????? ????????????? ??????? ?? ???????.
?? ???? ??????? ???????? ????????? ????, ????? ?
????? ?????
, ???????? ???? ???? ?????. ?????????? ?? ???? ?????? ?????? ???? ?-1976 ???? ????? ?? ??? ????? ??????? ?? ??????????? ?? ????? ??? ???? (Regents of the University of the State of New York State)
[27]
. ??????? ???? ?????? ???? ??? ?-1983
[28]
.
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???????
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[29]
???? ????????? ???????? ???? ?????? ???????? ?????? ??? ??? ?????? ?? ??? ?????? ??????? ???? ?????? ?? ?????. ????? ????? ?? ?????? ???? MBBS ???? ??????? ??????? ????? MD
[30]
.
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?????? ??? ????????????? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ????
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TheMarker
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????? ??????? ??????
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