???? ?????

????? ?? ????? ?????????? ? ????? ???? . ???? ??????? ?????? ?????? .
????	10 ??????? 1916 ??????? , ????? ?????
?????	25 ???????? 1987 (???? 71) ?????????? , ????? ?????
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????? ??????	???? ?????? ???????? ?????????? ( 1955 ) ??? ????? ( 1978 ) ???? ????? ?????????? ?????? ( 1946 )
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????? ????? (????) ????? ( Louis Guttman ;‏ 10 ??????? 1916 ? 25 ???????? 1987 ) ??? ??????? ? ????? ?????? ???????????, ?????????? ????? ? ???? ???? ???????? . ???? ???? ??? ???? ????? ????? ????? ?????? . ???? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ????? " ???? ????? " ?????? ???????? . ??? ??? ????? ? ???? ????? ???? ???"? ( 1978 ), ????? ?????? ??????????? ???????? (1973-1976). ??? ??, ???? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ??????? ?????????? (1979- 1977) ???? ??????? ?????? ??? .

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????? ???? ???? 1916 ? ??????? ?? ??? ???? , ????? ????? , ????? ???? ??? ?? ?????? ? ?????????? ?? ??????? . ??? ?? ??????? ???????? ? ?????????? ??????? (???? ????? ???? 1936 , ???? ??? ?- 1939 ? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??????????? ?- 1942 ). ??? ????? 1941 ? 1947 ????, ????? ??????? , ???? ? ?????????? ?? ?????????? ????? .

?????? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ??? ????? ????? . ?????? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ?? "???? ?????".

???? 1947 ??? ???? ????? ?? ??????, ???. ???? ???? ??"? ???? ?? ????? ????? ????, ??????? ???? ????? ????? ????? ????? ??????, ????? ??? ?? ??????. ?????, ???? 1955 ??? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??????????? ? ?????????? ?????? . ????? 1955? 1956 ??? ???? ???? ????? ????? ???????? ?? ?????????? ??????? .

????? ???? ???? 1987 ?????? ?????, ????? ????? ????????, ????? ?????? ? ?? ??????? ? ??????? ^[1] .

?????? ????? ???????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

????? ??? ????? ????? ??? ? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ????????-??????????. ???? ?????? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ????? (?????, ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ??????? ???????? ????????? ?? ???? ?????? ??? ?????? ??????).

"???? ?????", ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ?????, ??? ??? ???? ???? ????? ????????. ????? ???? ?????? ???? ??????, ??????? ?? ???? ?????, ?????? ???? ????? ????? ???????. ????? ????? ????? ?? ?????, ??????? ????????, ?????? ?????? ??????? ???? ?? ????????? ???????? ????? ???????? ???????? ?? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ?????.

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????? ??? ?????? ??????? ?????????. ???? 1971 ??? ?????? "Science" ?? ??? ??? 62 ??????? ??????? ????? ????? ???? ????? ???? ??????. ????? ??? ???? ???? ??????? ??????? ???????? ?????? . ?????? ????? ???? ???? ???? ? ?????? ????????? ???????? ??????? ????? ????? ???-???? ?????? ?? ????? ??????????? ^[2] .

???? 1963 ??? ????? ? ??? ??????? , ???? 1974 ???? ???? ?????????? ???????, ???? 1978 ? ??? ????? ????? ????? ^[3] ????? 1984 ???? ?????????? ???????? ???? ??????.

????? ????? ????? ??????, ????? ??? ????? ??????, ???? ?? ???.

??? ???? 2011 ?????? ?????? ??????????? ???????? ^[4] ??? ?"? ????? ???? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ??? ??????.

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• ???? ?????, ? ?? ???? "?????? ?????? ?? ??? ??? ???? ??????" , ?????? ???? 15, ???? 2015, ??? 100?112
• ????? ????? ????? (1916-1987) , ?? ??? ? ?????? ???????

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