????? IP

????? IP (?????: ????? ???? ???? ) ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??? ?????? ???? ??????. ????? ???? " ????? IP " ?????? ??????? ?? ??????? ????? ?????? . ^[1]

?????? ???? ?????? ????? ???? , ?????, ??? (Switch), ???? ????. ?? ? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ??? ???? ?????? ?????. ??? ????? ???? ?????? ????? IP ????? ???? ????? ? ??? , ??? ???? ????? ???? ?? ???? ???? ???? ????? ?????.

?????? ?????? ?????? ???? ??????? (???????) ???? ??? ??? ?????? ?????? ????? ?? 0?255.?????? 192.168.70.0

???? ? ????? ?????? ??????? ? ???????? ??????? IP , ???? ??? ? ??????? .

?? ?????? ?? ????? ?IP ?? ???? "????? ????? ?? ?????", ?? ?? ????? ?? ???? ???? ????? MAC , ???? ?????? IP ?? ?????, ??????? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ????? IP ?? ?? ??????? ????? ? ??? .

????? IP ????? ????? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ???????? ?? ??? ??? DHCP , ???? ??? ????? "????? ?????", ????? ? ????? MAC , ?????? "????? ?????", ??? ??? ????? ????? ???? ??????. ????????? ?????? HTTP ?????? ????? IP ???? ??? ????? X-Forwarded-For .

?????? IP ?????? ?? ???? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ?? ?? ?????? ??? ??? ?? ???? ???? (?? ???) ????? ????? ????? ?? ????? ???? ??? ???. ?????? ??? ????? ????? ???? ???? ????? ??-???? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ??? .

????? ???? ??????? ???? ?????? ??-?? ???? 4 ?? ???????? ?-IP, ?????? ????? ?? ???? 6 ???, ?????? ???? ???? ?????? IP.

?????????? ????????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

???????? ARP ???? ????? ??? ????? IP ???? ????? MAC.
???????? DHCP ???? ?????? ???????? ?? ????? IP ???? ??????? ??? ?????? ??? ???? ????? IP ?????.
???????? DNS ???? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ???????? ??????? IP.

???????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

IP ???? 4 [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

??? ????? ? IPv4

??? ???????? (???? ????? ??? ?????? ?????) ?????? ???? ?? ???? 4 ?? ???????? ?-IP (??? IPv4 ), ??? ????? IP ??? ?? 32 ?????? . ??? ?????, ????? ????? ??? ?? ?????? ?????? ???????? , ?? ??? ??? 0 ?-255. ?????? ??? ?????? ???????, ????? ????? ?? ??? ??? ??? 8 ???. ?????? - 192.168.0.1 ??? ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ? ??????? -

11000000 10101000 00000000 00000001

???????, ???? ?? ?????? ?? 2 ????? 32 (??? 4 ???????) ?????? ?????, ????, ?????? ??????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ? ????? ??????? , ???? ??????? ??????? ??? ????.

??????, ??????? ?-IPv4, ??????? ?? ???? ????? ????? ?? ?? ???? ??????? ??????? ??????, ????? ??????? ?? ?? ??? ??????. ??? ????????? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ???? IPv6.

IP ???? 6 [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

??? ????? ? IPv6

??-??? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ?-IP ????? ??? ???, IP ???? 6 ^[2] (???? ??? ????? ???????? ?????? ?????), ??? ?? ????? IP ?????? ?-8 ?????? ?? 16 ??????, ????? 128 ??????. ??? ?? ????? ???? ???? ?? 2 ????? 128 (???? ??? 38 ?????) ?????? ?????, ????? ?? ?????? ???????, ????? ???????.

????? ??? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

??? ????? ? Subnet mask

????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?? ?????? ??????. ????? ??, ??????? ??????? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ?? ??? (????? ????????, ????? ?????? ?????). ?????? ??????? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ??? ??? ???????? ??????? ????? ????, ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????. ?? ???, ?????? ????? ?? ???? ???? ?? ??????? (??? ????? ????, ?? ??? ?? ????? ????) ???? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?? ?? ????? ??????. ??? ????? ???? ?????? ??? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ?-IP ???? ?????? ??? ????? "????" (Subnet Mask), ???????, ??????? ????? ????? ?????, ????? ?? ????? ???? ?? ????? IP ??????. ?????, ??? ????? ?-IP ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ??????. ?????? ??????, ???? ?? ????? ?????? ?-IP ??????? ?? ???? ????? 1, ????? ?? ????? ?????? ?-IP ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ????? 0.

???? - ?????? 192.168.0.17 ???? 192.168.0 ????? ?? ???? ?????? 17 ????? ?? ????? ??????. ???? ???? ?? ????? ?? ???? 255.255.255.0, ?? ?????? ?????? -

11111111 11111111 1111111 00000000

??? ????? ?? ????? ???? ???? ????? IP ?? ???? ????, ?? ???? ????? AND (???) ??????? ??? ????? ?-IP ????? ????. ?????? ??????, ?????? ????? ?? -

	????? ??????	????? ??????
????? IP	11000000 10101000 00000000 00010001	192.168.0.17
???? ???	11111111 11111111 11111111 00000000	255.255.255.0
????? ????	11000000 10101000 00000000 00000000	192.168.0.0

???? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ?? ??? ?? ???? ????? ?????? (????????) ????? ?????? ?-IP. ??????, 192.168.0.1/24 ??? ?????? 192.168.0.1 ?? ???? ???? 255.255.255.0.

????? ??????? ??????? IPv4 [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

???? ???? ?? ?????? ?-IPv4 ???? ??????. ?-IPv6 ?? ???? ?????? ??.

????? A [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

????? ?? ?? ??????? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ??? 1 ?-127. ?????? ?????? ?? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ?????? (????? ??????? ????????), ?????? ????? ?? ??? ????? ??????? ??????? (24 ??????? ???????). ?????? ?? 127 ????? ????? ?????? A, ?? ?? ??? ??? ????? ????? 2 ????? 24 (??? 16 ??????) ??????. ?????? ???, ????? ?????? A ?????? ??????? ?? ? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??????.

????? B [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

????? ?? ?? ??????? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ??? 128 ?-191. ?????? ?? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ??? ??????? ???????? (16 ??????? ????????), ?????? ????? ?? ??? 2 ??????? ???????? (16 ??????? ????????). ?????? 16,384 ????? ????? ?????? B, ??? ??? ??? ????? ????? ?? 65,534 ??????. ????? ?????? B ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????????.

????? C [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

????? ?? ?? ??????? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ??? 192 ?-223. ?????? ?? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ??????? ???????? (24 ??????? ????????), ?????? ????? ?? ??? ????? ?????? (8 ??????? ????????). ?????? 2,097,152 ????? ????? ?????? C, ??? ??? ??? ????? ????? ?? 254 ??????. ????? ?????? C ?????? ?????? ???????? ????? ???? ???.

????? D [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

????? ?? ?? ??????? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ??? 224 ?-239. ????? D ?????? ?????? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ??????? (broadband ??groupband). ???? ????? ??????? Multicast - ????? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ?????. ???? ???? ??? ??? ????? ????? ????? ??? ????? ????. ????? ?? ?? ??? ???? ?? ?????, ??? ??? ????? ????? ?-Multicast, ???? ????? ?? ????? ??? ?????? D, ????? ?? ??????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?? ??????, ????? ?????? ?-IP ?????? ????. ????? ?????? ???? ????? ????? WINS ?? ????????? Windows 2000 . ???? ????? ?????????? ?? ????? ????? ???????.

????? E [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

????? ?? ?? ??????? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ??? 240 ?-255. ????? E ?????? ?"????? ?????? ?????" ??? ???? ??? ????? ??????? ???????? ??.

?????	???? ??????	????	???? ?????? ??? ???	???? ?????
A	1 ?? 127	255.0.0.0	16,777,214	126
B	128 ?? 191	255.255.0.0	65,534	16,384
C	192 ?? 223	255.255.255.0	254	2,097,152
D	224 ?? 239	???? ?????? Multicasting	?? ?????	?? ?????
E	240 ?? 255	?? ??????	?? ?????	?? ?????

?????? IP ??????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

???? ???? ?????? ?????? ???????? ???????:

IPv4 [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

???? ??????	?????	RFC	??? ?????	???? ?????? ?????
`0.0.0.0 - 0.255.255.255`	?? ???? ??????	RFC 1700	A	16,777,216
`10.0.0.0 - 10.255.255.255`	????? ?????? (?????? ?? ??????? )	RFC 1918	A	16,777,216
`100.64.0.0 - 100.127.255.255`	???? ?????? ?????	RFC 6598	A	4,194,304
`127.0.0.0 - 127.255.255.255`	???? ???? ( Loopback )	RFC 1700	A	16,777,216
`169.254.0.0 - 169.254.255.255`	???????? APIPA (???? ?? ???? ??? DHCP )	RFC 3330	B	65,536
`172.16.0.0 - 172.31.255.255`	????? ?????? (?????? ?? ??????? )	RFC 1918	B	1,048,576
`192.0.0.0 - 192.0.0.7`	??????? ????? IPv4	RFC 7335	C	8
`192.0.0.8`	????? ???	RFC 7600	C	1
`192.0.0.9`	PCP Anycast	RFC 7723	C	1
`192.0.0.10`	???? NAT ??????? ????	RFC 8155	C	1
`192.0.0.170 - 192.0.0.171`	NAT64, DNS64	RFC 7050 , RFC 8880	C	1
`192.0.0.11 - 192.0.0.169, 192.0.0.172 - 192.0.0.255`	???? ?????????? IETF	RFC 6890	C	2
`192.31.196.0 - 192.31.196.255`	AS112	RFC 7535	C	256
`192.52.193.0 - 192.52.193.255`	AMT	RFC 7450	C	256
`192.168.0.0 - 192.168.255.255`	????? ?????? (?????? ?? ??????? )	RFC 1918	C	65,536
`192.175.48.0 - 192.175.48.255`	AS112	RFC 7534	C	256
`198.18.0.0 - 198.19.255.255`	????? ??????? ??????? ???	RFC 2544	C	131,072
`224.0.0.0 - 239.255.255.255`	Multicast	RFC 3171	D	268,435,456
`240.0.0.0 - 255.255.255.254`	????	RFC 1700	E	268,435,455
`255.255.255.255`	????? broadcast ???????	RFC 919 , RFC 8190	E	1

IPv6 [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

???? ??????	?????	RFC	???? ?????? ?????
`::/128`	????? ?? ??????	RFC 4291	1
`::1/128`	???? ???? ( Loopback )	RFC 4291	1
`::ffff:0:0/96`	?????? IPv4 ??????	RFC 4291	4,294,967,296
`64:ff9b::/96`	?????? IPv4 ????????	RFC 6052	4,294,967,296
`64:ff9b:1::/48`	?????? IPv4 ????????	RFC 8215	1,208,925,819,614,629,174,706,176
`100::/64`	?????? "??? ????"	RFC 6666	18,446,744,073,709,551,616
`2001::/23`	???? ???????? IETF	RFC 2928	40,564,819,207,303,340,847,894,502,572,032
`2001::/32`	Teredo	RFC 4380 , RFC 8190	79,228,162,514,264,337,593,543,950,336
`2001:1::1/128`	PCP Anycast	RFC 7723	1
`2001:1::2/128`	???? NAT ?? ??? ??????	RFC 8155	1
`2001:2::/48`	????? ???????	RFC 5180	1,208,925,819,614,629,174,706,176
`2001:3::/32`	AMT	RFC 7450	79,228,162,514,264,337,593,543,950,336
`2001:4:112::/48`	AS112-v6	RFC 7535	1,208,925,819,614,629,174,706,176
`2001:20::/28`	Orchid-v2	RFC 7343	1,267,650,600,228,229,401,496,703,205,376
`2002::/16`	????? ?????? IPv6 ?-IPv4	RFC 3056	5,192,296,858,534,827,628,530,496,329,220,096
`2620:4f:8000::/48`	AS112	RFC 7534	1,208,925,819,614,629,174,706,176
`fc00::/7`	?????? ?????? ???????	RFC 8190 , RFC 4193	2,658,455,991,569,831,745,807,614,120,560,689,152
`fe80::/10`	?????? ?????? ????-???????	RFC 4291	332,306,998,946,228,968,225,951,765,070,086,144