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????? ???????? ( ???? ???? : ?????????? ) ??? ?????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ?????-???? ????? ??????? ?????????, ?????? ??? ??? ???? ?????? ? ?'????????? ? ?????? , ????? ?-18 ??? ? ???? .

"????????", ?? "????? ??????", ??? ???? ???????????? ????? ?????? ??? ??? ?????? ?????????? ??????. ??? ????? ???? ???? '??????? ?????' (Unter-Ungarn). ????? ???? ?? ??? ????? ??????? ("????? ??????") ?????-???? ??????. ^[1] ?????? ????????, ?????? ????????? ??????? ??????? ????? ?? ???? ?????????? , ???? ??????? ????? ??????? ?????? ? ??? ????? ; ????? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ??? ?"?? ??????, ????? ??????? ??? ?????????? ." ^[2] ????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ????? ?-18 ??-19, ????? ????? ????? ??????? ? ??????? ?????? ????? ?????? ; ??? ???? ??????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ??? ???, ?????-???? ??????-???? ??????. ????? ????? ???? ?????? ????????? ?????? ????? ??? ?? 1840, ??? ???? ????? ??? ??? ??????????. ^[3]

????? ????? ?????? ????????? ???? ????? ??? ???? ??? ???????? ( ?????? ?"?-?"? ) ????? ???? ?-17, ?? ???? ???? ??? ?? ?????? ? ?????? ??????-????? ?????? ???????. ??, ??????, ????? ??????? ???? ????? ? ??????' ??? ?-1649. ^[4] ?? ???, ???? ?????? ?? ??????? ???? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ??? ??????? ?? ??? ??????? ???? ???? . ?????? ?? ????? ???????? ????? ?? ??? ??? ??????: ????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ?? ?????, ???? ?????, ???? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ???? ??????????. ??, ??????, ?-1850 ???? ????? ??????? ????? ???-??? ???????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ??????; ?-1858 ??? 308 ????, ?? ?? 8 ????? ??? ????? ????? , ????? ?? ????? ??? ????????. ???? ????????? ??? ???-??? ??? ??? 650 ??????, ????? ?????? ???? ??? 1:14,200. ^[5]

????? ??????, ????? ??? ?????? , ??? ??????? ?? ?????? ????????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???? ?? ???-??????????? ?? ??? ?????? ?????????? . ???? ????? ???????? ??? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????? ?????, ?? ???? ?-60 ?? ???? ?-19 ???? ?? ???????-??????????? ????????, ??? ?????? ????? ?????? ???? ??? ??? ?????????? ??????? ??? ????? ???? ???. ???? ???? ?????? ??????? , ???? ??? ??? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????????. ^[5] ????? ?????? ??? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ? ?????? ????? ??? ?? ???: ?' ???? ?????? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ????? ??? ???? ???? ?-18, ?????? ????? ??? ? ????? ?' ??? ????????? , ??????? ????? ??????? ???? ????? ???? - ????? . ?????? ?????? ?? ??????? ????????, ???????? ?? ???"? ???? ?????? ???? ? ?? ?? ?????? ??????? ? ?????? ???? ????? ?? ??? ????????? ????? ??? ????? ??? ?"??????", ??? ?????? ??? ?? ??? ???? ?????? ???? , ????? ?"??????" ?? ????? ????? ??????? ?? ? ??????? ??????? ????? ??????. ^[6] ???? ????????? ??? ????? ????"??? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ??????? ???????-??????? , ??? ???? , ???? ? ???'??? , ?????? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ????, ????? ?????? ? ??????' . ???? ??? ????? ?????? ??????? ???? ??? ???????? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ???????; ?? ???? "???????", ???? ?????? ?????? "??? ?? ???? ???" (?????? ??????????? ?????, ??? ?? ??????), '????? ????' ^[7]^[8] ????? ????????????-????? " ??? ???? " ???? ????? ???? , ?? ?????? ???????? ???????, ?? ?"???????" ? ??????? ?"????? ?? ????????? ??? ???." ?????? ?????? ???, ?????? ?? ??? ???? ?????; ?????? ??????, ???? ??: "?? ???? ???? ???, ?? ???? ? ??????!" ('???? ?????, ??? ???!')

?????? ???????? ????? ?? ?????? ??????????? ?"???-?????? ??????", ???? ?? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ???????, ?????? ???????, ?????? ?????????? (???-?????? ??????). ???? ??? ?????? ????, ??????????? ??? ?????? "??????" ?? ??? ??????. ^[9] ????? ?????? ???? ???????, ??????? ????? ??????? ??? ??? ?????? ?? ???"? ? ????? ??????? ( ??' ) . ^[10] ??? ??, ?????? ????? ???????? ?????? ???? ???????? ???? ????. ^[11] ???? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ????????? ?????????, ???? ???????? ?????. ^[10]

??? ?? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

????? ?????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

^ ???? ???-???, ????? ????????? ????? ?????? (???????, ??????, ?'?????????): ?????, ??????? ????? ??? ????? 1874-1944, ????? ??????, ??-???? 2008, ??' 23.
^ Yeshayahu A. Jelinek, Paul R. Magocsi, The Carpathian Diaspora: The Jews of Subcarpathian Rus' and Mukachevo, 1848-1948, East European Monographs, 2007. ??' 5.
^ ??? ?????? ?????, ???? ???? ???, ????? ???????: ?????? ?????????. ?????? ???? ?????? ????? ???????, 1980, ??' 128.
^ ????? ?????, ???? ?????. ?????? ??????? ?????? ??????? . ????? ?????, 1997. ??' 8.
^ ¹ ² Michael K. Silber. The Emergence of Ultra-Orthodoxy: The Invention of Tradition. In: Jack Wertheimer, ed. The Uses of Tradition: Jewish Continuity since Emancipation (New York-Jerusalem: JTS distributed by Harvard U. Press, 1992). ??' 41-43.
^ ????? ?. ?????. ??? ?????? ???????? ???????? . ?????? ?: ?????? ????, ??? ??? (??????), ?????? ?????? , ???? ??????, ???"?. ??' 79-81.
^ ?????, ?????. ??' 6.
^ Robert Perlman. Bridging Three Worlds: Hungarian-Jewish Americans, 1848-1914 . Univ of Massachusetts Press, 2009. ??' 28.
^ Neil G. Jacobs. Yiddish: A Linguistic Introduction . Cambridge University Press, 2005. ??' 80.
^ ¹ ² .1998 ,Steffen Krogh. How Satmarish is Satmar Yiddish? Jiddistik Heute. Dusseldorf Uni. Press, ??' 484-485.
^ ?????, ??' 65.

[1] ???? ???-???, ????? ????????? ????? ?????? (???????, ??????, ?'?????????): ?????, ??????? ????? ??? ????? 1874-1944, ????? ??????, ??-???? 2008, ??' 23.

[2] Yeshayahu A. Jelinek, Paul R. Magocsi, The Carpathian Diaspora: The Jews of Subcarpathian Rus' and Mukachevo, 1848-1948, East European Monographs, 2007. ??' 5.

[3] ??? ?????? ?????, ???? ???? ???, ????? ???????: ?????? ?????????. ?????? ???? ?????? ????? ???????, 1980, ??' 128.

[4] ????? ?????, ???? ?????. ?????? ??????? ?????? ??????? . ????? ?????, 1997. ??' 8.

[ג-5] ¹ ² Michael K. Silber. The Emergence of Ultra-Orthodoxy: The Invention of Tradition. In: Jack Wertheimer, ed. The Uses of Tradition: Jewish Continuity since Emancipation (New York-Jerusalem: JTS distributed by Harvard U. Press, 1992). ??' 41-43.

[6] ????? ?. ?????. ??? ?????? ???????? ???????? . ?????? ?: ?????? ????, ??? ??? (??????), ?????? ?????? , ???? ??????, ???"?. ??' 79-81.

[7] ?????, ?????. ??' 6.

[8] Robert Perlman. Bridging Three Worlds: Hungarian-Jewish Americans, 1848-1914 . Univ of Massachusetts Press, 2009. ??' 28.

[9] Neil G. Jacobs. Yiddish: A Linguistic Introduction . Cambridge University Press, 2005. ??' 80.

[ב-10] ¹ ² .1998 ,Steffen Krogh. How Satmarish is Satmar Yiddish? Jiddistik Heute. Dusseldorf Uni. Press, ??' 484-485.

[11] ?????, ??' 65.

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