??? ???????

???? ???????? (???? ?? ??????: ????? 12 ?????? ) ??? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ?????? ? ?????????? ?????? ?????? ?- 12 ?????? 1927 ???? ??????? ?? ??? ?????? ??????? ?? ????? ?'???? ??? ?? ?????? ?????? ? ????????? (?????? ????????). ???? ??????? ?? ???? ??????? ??? ?????? ????? ???? ???? ???? ???????. ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ???????? ???????, ????? ???? ?? ?????????? ??? ??????? ??????? ???????, ?????? ???? ???? ????? ?? ? ??????'??? ?? ?'????? . ^[1] ?????? ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ??????? ?????????? ??????????, ???? ?'???? ???-??, ????? ?? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ????'??? . ?????? ???? ????? ?? ?????????? ??????, ?????? ?? ????? ????? .

?? 15 ????? 1927 ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ?? ??????????? ????????, ???? ??????? ????? ????? ?? ???? ????? ?? ? ???????? ??????? ??????????? ??????. ?????? 1927 ????? ?????? ??????????? ?????? ??? ?????????? ??????? ????? ????? ?? ???? ?????, ?????? ??? ?? ????? ????? ??????? ?????? . ?? ??????? ?? ????????? ?? ??????'???, ?????? ??????????? ??????? ????? ??? ???????, ??? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????? ????? ?????. ^[2]

??? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

????? ??? 12 ??????, ?????? ????? ?? ????????? ?? ???? ??????? , ?????? ??????? ????? ?????????? ??? ???-?? , ???? ?????? ?? ???????? ???????? ????? ?'??? ?????? 1923 . ???? ?? ???? ???? ???? ?????, ????? ?? ????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ????????, ?????? ?????? ??????? . ???? ???? ??????? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ??????????? ?????? ?????. ??? ????? ??? ??????????? ?????? ?????????? ??????????????, ?? ??? ?? ????? ??? ?? ?? ???????? ???? ??????. ?????, ??? ??? ???????????? ????? ? ?????????? ???????? ?? ?????????? ??????? ?????? ????????. ??????? ??????????? ???? ??????????, ??????? ?????? ????? ?????, ???? ?? ???? ??????? ???? ???? ?????? ???????. ^[3] ??????? ??????? ??? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????????? ???? ????? ?????? ???????????, ????? ?? ????? ? ?????? ??????? ? ?????? ????? ???? ???? ?? ???. ???? ????? ??? ?'???? ???-?? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ??????????.

???????? ??????? ???????? ????? ??? ?????? ??? ??? ???. ???? ?????? ??????? ? ????'??? , ?? 1920 ??? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ?? ?????????? ????????? . ????? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ?? ???, ????? ?????. ??? ??? ???? ? ???? ?- 1925 . ???? ????, ?????? ?????? ?????????? ????? ?? ??????? ?????? ???? ???. ?? ????? ?? ??????????? ?? ??????'??? ??? ??????? ????????? ????? " ??? ????? " ?- 20 ???? 1926 , ?????? ????? ??? ?????. ??????? ??? ??? ??????? ???????? ?? ?????, ???? ?? ??????????, ??? ?????? ?? ????????? ??? ????? ?????? ? ????? , ????? , ?'?????? ? ???'??? .

?? ????? ???????? ?? ?????????? ????? ?????, ??? ????? ?? ?????? ???????? ??????. ?????? ????? ?????? ??? ???????? ???????/????? ?????? ?'???? ??? ??, ???? ???????? ????????. ?????? 1927 ???? ??????? ?? ?'???? ??? ?? ??? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ????'??? , ????? ???? ?????? ????? ?'???-??? , ????? ?????, ??? ?? ??????????? ?????? ???????? ??????????, ?????? ?? ????? ?? ?????? ??????? ???????? ??????. ??1 ???? ?????? ???????? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?? ?'???? ??? ??????, ??? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ????. ?'???? ???? ?? ??????, ?????? ?????? ??????? ???? ?? ??????????. ^[4]

?????? ?? ???????? ?? ???? ???????, ??????????? ???????? ???? ????? ?????????? ??? ???????? ??????? ????? ????. ?-21?22 ???? ???? ???? ?????????? ????????? ???????????, ?????? ?'??? ????? ? ?'? ?????? , ????????? ?????? ????????, ?????? ?? ????? ????? ?'??? (????? ?? ??????? ??????). ????? ???????? ???? ????? ???????? ????????, ???? ????? ???????? ????????? ??????? , ???? ?????? ?????? ??? ?????? ????? ??? ?'????? ?????? ?? ?????? .

???? ????? ??????? , ??? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????'???, ???? ???? ????? ?? ?????????? ????? ???????? ?????? ???????????, ???? ??? ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ???????? ??????? ??? ???, ????? ?????? ?? ???????? ??????????? ???????? ?????? ?????. ^[5] ??2 ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ??????? ?? ?????????? ??????? ?? ?????? ????? ?? ?????????? ???? , ?'?? ???????, ?? ?????? ??????????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?? ???, ??????? ?? ??? ???? ?? ??????????? ?? ??????. ^[6]

????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

?-5 ?????? ???? ???? ?'???-???? ???????? ???"? ????? ?? ????? ??????????? ?'? ??-??? . ???? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ????? ?????? ??? ?????????? ???? ?????? ???????????, ????? ????? ?????? ??'???? ???? ?? ?????? ???????????. ???? ????? ??? ?? ??????? ?????, ?'???? ???? ?????? " ??????? ?????? " ?? ??-???? ??????? ??????? ????? ???????? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ???????????, ???? ????? ??????? ?????? ???? ??????????.

?-9 ?????? ????? ?'???? ?? ???? ???? ????????, ????? ?????? ??????? ????? ?? ????? ????? ?? ??????, ??????? ?? ??????? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ???????? ?? ????? ?? ?????? ??????????? ??????. ??11 ?????? ????? ?'???? ????? ????? ??? ??????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???? ?? ??????????? ?? ??????????.

???? ???? ???? ?-12 ??????, ???? ??????? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ??????? ????? ????????, ???? ?????, ????? ? ?????? . ?? ?? ?? ????? ???? ?'???? ? ?????? ?-26 ???? ?? ????????? ?? ??????? ?????. ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ?-300 ??? ???. ???? ? ??????? ????????? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ?'???? ??? ?? ??13 ??????. ???? ?????? ????????? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ????????? ??????, ??????? ?-26. ??????? ???? ???, ???? 100 ????? ???? ??????. ?'???? ???? ?? ?????? ?????? ?? ???????, ??????? ???????? ??? ??? ???????? ???? ??? ????? ??????????, ????? ???? ??????? ?????? ????????? ???????? ?? ?? ??-???? . ??? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ?-1,000 ?????????? ?????, ?-300 ????? ?????, ????? ?-5,000 ?????; ????? ?????? ?? 5,000 - 10,000 ?????. ^[7] ??? ?????? ?? ??? ?????? ??????, ???? ??? ?????????, ????? ? ?????? ?????? ?? ???????, ???? ?? ????? ??????????? ??? ?????, ????? ?????? ?? ??????? ???? ????? ????? ??????? ?????? ????? ??? ??????????. ^[8]

?????? ??????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

??? ???? ???? 39 ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ?????????? ??????, ???? ?????? ?? ?'???? ??? ?? ? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ??? ???-??, ??? ?????? ?? ??????, ???? ?'???-???? . ?????? ??18 ??????, ?'???? ??? ????? ??????? ???? ?????'??? ??? ??????? ?????? ???????? ??????????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?'??????? . ???????? ????? ?????? ????'??? ????? ????? ???????, ??? ????? ? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ????. ^[9]

??? ??????? ??????? ?? ??????????, ??????? ??? ? ????? ????-?? ? (????'???, ??-??), ?? ??????? ????? ???. ???? 1927 ?????? ??? ??????????? ????? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ????????. ^[10] ??1 ????? ??? ????? ???? ??????????? ??????, ???? ????? ??? ?? ?????? ???????. ???? ????? ?? ????? ?'??????? , ?????? ????? ?? ??????????? ?????? ??'???? ??? ??.

???? ?-10,000 ?????????? ????? ?????? ????? ???? 20 ???? ??????? ????? ????. ???? ??????? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ?? ??????????, ???? ?????, ???? ????? ????? ???????????, ???? ? ?????? . ????? ????? ???????? ?????? ?????, ??????? ?? ?'???? ?????? ???????? ????? ?? ??????????. ????? ????? ????? 1927, 300,000 ??? ??? ????? ????? ??? ????? ???? ????? ??? ???????????, ???? ??????? ????? ?????? ?????. ^[11]

??????? ??? ?????????? ??? ?????: ?'? ?????? ??????? ?????????, ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ??????????, ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ????. ?'? ????? ?????, ???? ?????? ?????? ??????, ??? ??? ?? ????? ?? ???????? ????? ?????. ??????????? ?????? ????? ?????????? ?? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?????????.

?????? ???????? ?? ????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??? ????, ???? ?? ???????? ?????????? ????? ? ?'????? , ?????, ????'??? ? ??????'??? . ????? ????????? ????'??? ????? ??????, ????? ?????????? ??????? ?? ?'? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????????? ?????? ???? ?'?????? ??????. ??????? ????? ??? ??-???? ??? ?????? ??? ??? ????? " ??? ????? " ????? ????? . ?? ????? ?? ?? ????? ?? ??? ????? ????????? ????????? ????? ??'??????, ????? ?? ???????? ???????? ?? ?? ?????? ?" ??? ?????? ?? ??? ". ???? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????????? ?????? ??? ???????? ?? 1933 , ???? ??? ?????? ????????? ?????? ?????? ??'?????? ??????, ???? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????????? ?????? ?????????? ???????, ?????? ??????? ??????? ???? ????? ????? ???.

????? 1928 ??? ???? ??????? ?? ??? ????? ?????'???, ???? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????????? ?????? ?'???? ??? ?? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????????. ^[12]

??????? ???????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

???? ?????? ????? ??? ??????? ? ??????????

????? ?????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

^ Wilbur, C. Martin (1983). The nationalist revolution in China, 1923?1928 . Cambridge University Press.
^ Wilbur, C. Martin (1983). The nationalist revolution in China, 1923?1928 . Cambridge University Press., p. 170
^ Wilbur, C. Martin (1983). The nationalist revolution in China, 1923?1928. Cambridge University Press., pp. 180-181
^ Chang Kuo-t'ao, The rise of the Chinese Communist Party: 1928?1938, p. 581
^ Elizabeth, J. Perry (April 11, 2003). "The Fate of Revolutionary Militias in China". Hobart and William Smith Colleges. Retrieved November 25, 2006.
^ Chen Lifu, Columbia interviews, part 1, p. 29.
^ Ryan, Tom (2016). Purnell, Ingrid; Plozza, Shivaun, eds. China Rising: The Revolutionary Experience. Collingwood: History Teachers' Association of Victoria. p. 77
^ Chang, Jung; Halliday, Jon (2005). Mao, The Unknown Story. New York: Random House. ISBN 0-224-07126-2
^ Jowett, Philip S. (2013). China's Wars. Rousing the Dragon 1894?1949. Oxford: Osprey Publishing, pp. 158-159
^ Harrison, James Pinckney (1972). The Long March to Power ? a History of the Chinese Communist Party, 1921-72. Macmillan. pp. 108?110
^ Barnouin, Barbara and Yu Changgen. Zhou Enlai: A Political Life. Hong Kong: Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2006
^ Patricia Stranahan (1994). "The Shanghai Labor Movement, 1927?1931". East Asian Working Paper Series on Language and Politics in Modern China. Archived from the original on October 24, 2006. Retrieved November 25, 2006.

[1] Wilbur, C. Martin (1983). The nationalist revolution in China, 1923?1928 . Cambridge University Press.

[2] Wilbur, C. Martin (1983). The nationalist revolution in China, 1923?1928 . Cambridge University Press., p. 170

[3] Wilbur, C. Martin (1983). The nationalist revolution in China, 1923?1928. Cambridge University Press., pp. 180-181

[4] Chang Kuo-t'ao, The rise of the Chinese Communist Party: 1928?1938, p. 581

[5] Elizabeth, J. Perry (April 11, 2003). "The Fate of Revolutionary Militias in China". Hobart and William Smith Colleges. Retrieved November 25, 2006.

[6] Chen Lifu, Columbia interviews, part 1, p. 29.

[7] Ryan, Tom (2016). Purnell, Ingrid; Plozza, Shivaun, eds. China Rising: The Revolutionary Experience. Collingwood: History Teachers' Association of Victoria. p. 77

[8] Chang, Jung; Halliday, Jon (2005). Mao, The Unknown Story. New York: Random House. ISBN 0-224-07126-2

[9] Jowett, Philip S. (2013). China's Wars. Rousing the Dragon 1894?1949. Oxford: Osprey Publishing, pp. 158-159

[10] Harrison, James Pinckney (1972). The Long March to Power ? a History of the Chinese Communist Party, 1921-72. Macmillan. pp. 108?110

[11] Barnouin, Barbara and Yu Changgen. Zhou Enlai: A Political Life. Hong Kong: Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2006

[12] Patricia Stranahan (1994). "The Shanghai Labor Movement, 1927?1931". East Asian Working Paper Series on Language and Politics in Modern China. Archived from the original on October 24, 2006. Retrieved November 25, 2006.

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