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1922
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1923
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30 ?????
2011
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, ????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????? ??????? ????? ?????.
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[1]
????? ?
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?-????' ???? ?
???? ?????
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, ??????? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ?????. ???? ??? ??? ?????, ????????? ?????? ??? ????? ??? ?????? ????? ????
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. ???
?? ???? ???? ?????
?????? ????? ?????? ?? ??????? ????????, ??? ????? ????? ??? ???????. ???? ???? ?? ?????? ??? ???????? ?? ????? ????????, ?????? ????? ???????? ?? ???? ?????? ???? ????, ???????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?? ??? ????. ????? ????? ???, ???? ??? ????????, ??????? ?????? ?
???? ??????
??? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ??? ???? ???? ?? ????? ???????? ??????? ?????. ???? ???? ?? ??????? ???? ???? ?????? ??
?????? ??-????
(
??'
)
, ????? ??? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?
?????
. ???? ?????? ?? ??????? ???? ???? ?????? ???????, ????? ????? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ??????? ?? ??? ???? ????? ?? ???
?????? ????
.
[2]
?? ??????? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ?? ???????? ???? ???? ??? ??????? ???????, ?? ??? ????? ?????? ??????? ???? ??? ?? ?????? ????? ?
?????????
.
[3]
????
1940
????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ???????? ???????????
???? ??????
(?????? ????
?????????? ????
).
????
???????????, ?"?
?? ??????
, ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ???? ????? ???? ??????? ????
??????
?? ???? ???? ????? ???? ???? ???????, ?? ??????? ?? ???? ??? ?????? ??????? ???????? ?????????. ???? ????
???? ?????
?
?????
, ??? ????? ????
1950
???? ???
?
?????????? ??? ??????
?
???????
, ????? 1955
???????
?
?????????? ???????
?
?????????? ??????
. ????? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ????? ???? ???????? ??????? ?
???? ????
, ?????? ??????? ?????? ?? ?????.
[4]
??????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ???????
[
????? ??? ????
|
?????
]
?? ????? ??????? ???? ??? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ??????????? ?
?????????? ??? ???
??????? ????? (??????? ????? ????
1950
????? ???? ????? ?? ????? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ???-????? ???? ?????? ????????? ??????, ??????? ????????? ???????? ????). ????? ??? ??? ??? ????, ????? ???? 1956,??? ?????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ??????. ???? ?????
1956
??? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ??? ?????? ??? ??? ?? ?????????? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ??????? ???
???? ??????
?
???? ???????
. ???? ??? ??? ???? ??????????? ????
???? ????
????? ??? ????? ??????, ?? ????? ???? ??????, ?????? ????????? ?????? ????? ???????? ??????. ????? ??? ??? ????? ????? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ???? ??? ???? ?'
????? ?? ????????? ????????
??? ???? ?????? ????? ??????? ????? ????? ???: ?????? ??????, ????? ????? ?????, ??????,
????????
?????, ?????
??????????
????.
[5]
????? ????? ??????, ???? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ????????, ???? ???????? ????? ????? ???????, ???? ??? ??? ??? ?????.
[6]
??????? ?????? ???? ???, ?????? ??? ????? ???? ?? ????? ???? ???? ?? ???? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ????????. ???????? ???????? ????? ???????? ?? ???? ?? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ????? ????? ????? ??????? ??????? ????? ?? ??? ???? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ???? ????? ????
1962
.
[7]
??? ?????? ???? ??? ????? ???? ??? ????? ???? ????? ?? ??? ????? ???? ????? ???. ?? ?????? ??? ?????? ????? ???????? ??
?? ???????
, ??????? ??? ?????? ????, ???? ?? ???? ?? ?????. ?????? ??? ????? ?? ????? ???? ?????? ??????. ?? ???? ???? ??????? ??? ?????? ???, ????? ???? ??? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ?????. ?? ???? 1962 ???? ????? ???? ?? ????? ????? ??? ???? ??? ??? ?? ???? ??? ??? ???? ??? ??????? ???? ?? ?? ???? ??????? ??? ????? ??????, ????? ??????, ????? ????, ????? ????, ??? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ??????.
[8]
?? ?????? -
25 ???????
1962
???? ????? ??????? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ????.
[9]
[10]
????? ????? ??????? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ??????? ????? ?????? ??????, ???? ???? ?? ?????? ????? ?????. ???????? ???????? ??????? ??? ?????? ???????? ??? ?????? ?????? ?? ?? ???????? ??????? ????? ?????? .???? ??? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ?? ????????? ??????? ?? ??????? ??? ????????? ??????? ??????.
[11]
??? ????????? ????? ??? ??? ??? ?????? ????? ??????? ????????. ??? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ?? ???? ??, ??????? ?? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ????????? ?? ??????? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ??????? ????????? ?????? ????? ?????. ??? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??????, ??????? ??????, ?????? ??? ????? ????.
[12]
????? ??? ??? ???? ?? ??? ????
32
????
1964
. ??? ?? ??? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ??????? ????????? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ??????. ????? ?? ???? ?????? ????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ????????, ?????? ???????. ??? ??????? ???? ???? ???? ??:
- ?? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ????, ??? ????????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ?? ?????? ????.
- ????? ??????? ?? ?????? ???????? ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????? ??????.
- ?? ????? ?? ????? ???? ????? ????? ?? ????? ???? ????? ??????, ?????, ????? ??????, ????? ???? ???? ?????? ????????? ????.
- ????? ?? ?? ????? ????? ?? ???? ???? ??? ??????? ????? ????? ?? ????? ?? ??? ???? ?? ????? ???.
[13]
??? ?? ???? ????
2002
???? ????? ??????? ???? ?????
???? ??????
?? ??????? ?????????. ???? ???, ????
1967
????
????? ??? ?????
, ???? ???? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ????? ?????? ????? ??? ????? ??? ?? ?????????. ?????
1969
????? ????? ????? "??? ????? ?? ??????" ?? ??? ????? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ?"?????? ?????? ?? ????". ??????? ?? ??? ?????? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ??????? ???
??? ??????
???? ??????? ????? ???? ?????? ??????
??? ?????
???? (???? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ????). ???? ?????? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ?
?????
??????? ??????, ???? ??? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ???? ???? ??????,
[14]
?????, ??? ?? ????? ?????? ?????
?????
.
???? ???? ?? ????? ???? ????
1970
, ??????? ?? ?????
????? ?????
?????? ?????? ???????? ?? ???? ??? ???. ???? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ???? ????
????? ??? ???????
??? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ????????? .
[15]
???? ????? ??? ????? ???????? ?????? ?????????? ??????. ???? ?????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ??? ???? ????? ?????, ????? ????? ?????????. ??? ????? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ?????? ???? ?????, ????? ????? ???? ??? ?? ??????, ???? ????? ?????, ?????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????????.
[16]
???????? ??? ?????? ????? ????? ???? ????, ???? ??? ?????? ???? ?????? ?????? ???? ???????? ?? ???? ??????? ???? ????. ?? ????? ????? ????? ????? ???? ??????? ???? ?????? ???? ??? ??????, ??? ?? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?????????. ?? ??? ????? ?? ??????
1956
???? ????? ??? ?????? ????? ????? ???????? ?????? ???? ?????? ??????? ????? ????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ??? ??? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ??????? ???. ?? ?? ???? ???? ?? ??????? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ??? ???????? ???????????, ???????? ??????? ?? ?????? ???????? ???????? ??? ??????? ??????? ?????? ???? ???????. ????? ??? ????
1962
???? ?? ????? ???????? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ?? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ??????. ?????? ??????, ??? ????? ???? ?? ????? ?? ?????? ??????? ??? ?????? ????????, ?????? ???? ??????? ????? ?????? ???? ??????; ????? ??????? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ?? ???? ??? ??? ?? ????????? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ?????? ????????? ??????, ??? ???? ?????, ??? ????, ???? ????? ???????? ???? ????? ??????. ??? ????? ?????? ?????????? ????? ????? ??? ???? ??????? ????? ????? ???? ??? ????? ?? ????? ????? ??? ???? ??? ?? ???-??.
[17]
?????? ???? ????? ???? ???? ??? ????? 1962 ?? ???? 1965,???????? ??????? ????? ????? ????? ????? ????? ??
????? ?????
, ????? ??????? ?????? ?? ??????? ????
????? ?????
??? ??? ??????? ???? ????? ??????? ??? ?????. ?????? ??????? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ??? ???? ?? ?????? ?????.
[18]
????
1974
?? ???? ???? ?
???
??????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ????
1992
. ???? ???? ????? ??????????? ??-??? ????'?? ?
???????
. ???? ???? ???? ????? ??? ????? ????? ????? ??? ???? ?? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????? ????
1991
. ?? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ??????? ??????????? ??????????????????????? ??? ???.
[19]
???? ???? ??????, ????? ??
????? ?????
?????? ?? ???? ????? ??????, ??
??????
????? ??????
??????? ???? ??? ?? ????? ??????. ????? ?????? ???? ???? ????
??? ?????
????? ???
, ???? ?????? ??? ????.
[20]
????? ???? 89, ?-
30 ?????
2011
???? ???? ??????.
??? ?????? ????? ?? ??? ??? ???
[21]
:
- ?????? ????????? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ? ??????? ? ??? 1960.(???????? ??????? ???? ????? ????, ????, ??? 1960)
- ??????? : ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ? ??????? ? ??? 1962.(????????: ?????? ???????? ?? ??? ???? 19, ????, ??? 1962 )
- ??? ?????? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ? ????? ?????? ?????????? ? ??? 1964.(????? ????? ??????? ????? ??????, ???? ??????, ??? 1964 )
- ????? ????? ?????? ??????? : ????? ? ???? ???????? ???????? ??????????? ? ????? ????? ? ?????? ??? 1972.(?????? ?????? ?? ????? ??????: ????-??? ??? ?? ?????????? ????????????, ?????? ?????, ??????? ???? 1972)
- ??? ???? ??????? ??????? ????????? ?????? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ? ??? 1973.(???? ???? ????????? ??????? ???? ??????? ???????? ?????? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ????????, ??? 1973)
- Evaluation of Methodological and Social Scientific Research for the Study of Rural & Bedouin Women In the Arab Region 1975.
- ????? ??????? ???????? ?????????? ??????????? ????????? ??? ????? ?? ????? ??? ????? ????? ?????? : ??????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ????????? ??? 1979.(?????? ???????: ???????? ????????, ???????? ?????????? ????? ??? ?? ??????? ???????? ??????? ???????: ?????? ????? ??????, ????? ???? ????'????, ??? 1979)
- ^
??? ????? ????? ????? ????? ?????-???? ???? ??? ???? ???? ???? ????
- ^
Goldschmidt, Arthur (2000). Biographical Dictionary of Modern Egypt. American University in Cairo Press. ISBN
978-977-424-579-4
.
- ^
???? ??? ???, ???????,
- ^
???? ????? ???? ??? ???.. ??? ????? ??? ??????
- ^
[asser.bibalex.org/Speeches/browser.aspx?SID=1015&lang=ar ???? ?????? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ?????? ?? ????? ???????]
- ^
???? ??? ???.. ??????? ?????? ??????????
- ^
?. ???? ??? ??? ??? ????? ????? !
- ^
????? ?? ????
- ^
????? ???, ????? ?????? ??????: ?????- ????? ??????, ??????????? ??????, ??? 2003, ??' 187
- ^
???? ??? ???:?? ??? ???? ??? ????? ????? ??? ??? ??????? ????? ??????.
- ^
?. ???? ??? ??? ??? ????? ????? !
- ^
????? ????? ???????
- ^
????? ????? ???????? 1964
- ^
?. ???? ??? ??? ??? ?????? ??????
- ^
Goldschmidt, Arthur (2000). Biographical Dictionary of Modern Egypt. American University in Cairo Press. ISBN
978-977-424-579-4
.
- ^
??? ???, ?'????. ???? ?? ?????, ??? 1999, ??' 129
- ^
Know your Feminists: Hekmat Abu Zeid
- ^
???? ???? ???? ????? :???? ??? ??? ??? ????? ?? ??? ??? ??????? ??????? 2013
- ^
Goldschmidt, Arthur (2000). Biographical Dictionary of Modern Egypt. American University in Cairo Press. ISBN
978-977-424-579-4
.
- ^
???? ??? ???, ???????,
- ^
???? ??? ???, ???????,