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?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ??? ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ?? ?? ???????? ????????? ?????? ?????? ???? ?? ?? ??? ???? ?????? :

1935-1919 - ?????? ?? ??? ????? - ?????? ????, ????? ??????, ????????, ???????, ????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ???? ????.
1947-1935 - "???? ?????" ?"????? ?????". "???? ?????" ?????? ?????? ??????. "????? ?????" ??? ?????? ????????? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ???????? ?????????. ?? ???? ????? ????"? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ????? ????? ?????.
1958-1948 - "???? ?????" ?"????? ?????" ????? ?????? ?? ????? ????? - ?"????????" ? ????? ?????? ??????. ?????? ?????? ???? ??????? ??????? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ?? ???? ?? ??? ?????? ???????????.
1971-1959 - ????? ???? ?? ????? ?????, ????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ????? ????????.
1990-1972 - "??? ?????" - ????? ??????, ????? ??????, ?????? ?"???". ??? ?? ??"? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ??? ??? ????. ???? 1979 ???? ???? "??? ?????" ??? ??? ???? ???????? ???? ???. ????? ??? ???? ????? ???????? ??? ?????? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ?????. ???? 1981 ????? ??? ???? ???????, ??? ??? ???? ?? ???? 10 ????. ?-1991 ????? ??? ???? ?"????? ????".
1991 ????? - ???? "???? ???? ?????" - ????? ??????? ??????? - ?????? - ???????? ????: ??????? ?????? ?????, ????????? ???????? ??????, ?????? ????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?????, ???? ??? ????????, ?????? ????? ??????, ??"? ?????"? ????. ????? ???? ????? ????? ? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ????? "????" ??????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ????????, ?????? ?????????? ?? ???? ??????? ?????? ?????? - ???? ???????? ????? ???????? ????????.
2020 - "????? ???? ?????" ???? ??????: ???? ?????? ??????-???? ??????? ????? ???????? ??? ??????? ????? ?????? ????? ???????, ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ???? ??????? ???? ??????. ??? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ????? "????? ????" ???? ????? ??????? ???? ??????, ????? ???? ????? ????? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ???????.
2021 - ?-19 ????? 2021 ?????? ????? ????? ??????? ??? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ??????.

?-4 ???? 2021 ???? ??????? ? ????? ??? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ?? ?? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???? ??????? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ??? ??????? ?????? ?? - ???????, ?????, ????? ?????? ????, ?????? ???? ??????? ???? ?????? . ???? ?????? ????? 90 ???? ??????? ?? ????? ???? ???? ????? ????????? ??????? ??? ???? ???? ??????? ?????? ??????? ????? ???????, ????? ?????, ????? ??? ??????? ?????? ????? ???????. ^[2]

?????? ????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

??? ?? ???? ?????. ??? ???? ?????????? ????? ????? ???? . ????? ?????? ????? ? ?? ????? .

?? ?? ????? ?? ????? ?????, "???? ?????? ? ??? ??? ", ????? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ???? ???? ??? ????? ????, ??????, ???? ???? ??? ???? ???? ?? ????? ?? ?? ??? ????? ???. ^[3]

????? ???? ????? ?? ?? ??????? ?? ??? 18 ??????? ??? ?????? ???? ??????, ?? ?? ????? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ????, ?? ?? ???????? ?????? ???? ??????? ???? ???"? ?? ?????? ????. ?? ??? ??? ???? 0 ??? 18 ???? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ??????? ??? ????? ???????? ?? ???????? ??? ??????.

???? ???? ??? ????? ??????? ??????? ??? ???? ???? ??????? ?? ??????. ?????? ???? ?????? ???? ?? ??????? ??? ?????? ?? ?? ?? ?????? ??????? ???? ???? ???? ????? ??????. ^[4]

??????? ???? ?????? ??????? ????? ???? ??????, ??????? ????. ??????? ??????? ?? ?????? ???? ????? ????????? ? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ????????. ??? ??? ?????? ?????, ????? ???? ?? ???????? ??????? ????? ???? ????, ????? ????? ??????? ?????????? ????? ?????. ??? ?? ??????? ????????? ???? ???????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ????.

???????? ??? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ??????? ??????, ???? ????? ????? ??????? ?????. ?????? ?????? ????? ?? ??????? ????? ??????? ???????? ?????, ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ??? ???? ????, ????? ???? ????? ?? ??????? ??????? ??? ?? ????.

????? ?????? ????? ?????? ???? ???????? ????? ??? ???? ????: ??????? ???????? ?????, ????? ??????? ?????? ????????, ????? ????? ????, ????? ?????? ???????, ?????? ????????? ????? ???? ??? ????. ^[5]

?????? ????? ?????? ???? ??????? ?????, ????? ?????, ????? ??? ???? ?????? ????????? ??? ???? ???? ??? ??????. ?? ???? ????? ?? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ??? ??? ?????? ????? ???? ??? ????? ?? ????? (????? ?????) ?????? ??? ???? ??? ????. ???? ???? ????? ????? ????? ?? ????? ????? ?????. ??????? ????? ???????? ???? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ??????? ??????, ????? ??????? ?????, ????? ?????? ????? ?? ?? ??? ???? ???????. ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ??????: ????? - ??????, ???? ??????. ??????? ???? ???????? ODT (????? ?????? ???? - Outdoor Training), ??? ????? - ???????? ??????? ???????. ^[5]

??????? ??????? ????? ???????? ???? ???????? ???? ?? ?????? ??? ??? ?????? ??? ???????? ???? ???? ??? ????. ??????? ??????? ?? ?????? ???? ????: ????? ????? ?????? , ???? ????, ??????, ??? ?????, ????? ????? ?? ?????? ??????, ????. ?????? ???? ???????? ??????? ???????? ????????, ????"??, ????? ????? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ?? ?????? ?????. ?? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ???? ??????. ????? ?? ??? - ?? ?????? . ?????? ?? ?????? ????? ??????? ?????, ?????? ????? ?? ??????, ????? ?????? ??????? ???????. ??? ?? ??? ????? ?? ???? ??????? ???? ??? ????? ???? ??? ????, ???? ????? ???? ??? ???? ????, ??????? ???????? ????? ???????.

?????? ????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

????? ?? ??????

????? ?????? ??? ??? ?????? ?????? ??????? ? ????? ?? ????? , ??? ??????, ?????, ?????? ????.

????? ???????-??? , ????? ???? ?????? ?????? , ????? ??? ???, 1995
????? ???? ???, "?????? ????? ??????" ???? "???? ?????? ?????? ??????", ???? ??????, 1999
???? ????, ???? ????? (??????), ?????? ????? ?????? ??????? ????? , ????? ????? , 2007
????? ???? , ?????? ????? ????? ??????: ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?????-???????? , ????? ???? ?????? , 2007
??? ??????? ??????? ???? (??????), ???? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? , ????? ?????? , 2012

R. Kahane "The Origins of Postmodern Youth: Informal Youth Movements in a Comparative Perspective". Berlin & New York: de Gruter, 1997

??????? ???????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

??? ???? ?????? ????-???, ?? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????-?????? ?? ?????? ???????? ??????? , ??? ??? ????, ??? ?"?, 2014
????? ????? ??????? ??????????, ????? ???? ?????? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ??????? , ???? ??????? ?????? ??????? , 2020

????? ?????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

^ ????? ????, ????? ?????? ?? ???? ???????? ????????? ??????? , ??????????? ?????? ????????, ??????? 2000; ???? ??? ????? ??????
^ ??? ??? ?????? ????? ??????
^ ????????, ?' (2012).,??????? ??????? ???? ?????? ??????? ??????? ????? ???? ?????? ????-???? ? ????? ?????. ???? ????? ??????, 1-23.
^ ????, ?' (2000), ????? ?????? ?? ???? ???????? ????????? ???????. ??? ?????? ????? ??????.
^ ¹ ² ????, ?' (1995). ?????? ???? ???. ????? ?????? ????? ???.

[1] ????? ????, ????? ?????? ?? ???? ???????? ????????? ??????? , ??????????? ?????? ????????, ??????? 2000; ???? ??? ????? ??????

[2] ??? ??? ?????? ????? ??????

[3] ????????, ?' (2012).,??????? ??????? ???? ?????? ??????? ??????? ????? ???? ?????? ????-???? ? ????? ?????. ???? ????? ??????, 1-23.

[4] ????, ?' (2000), ????? ?????? ?? ???? ???????? ????????? ???????. ??? ?????? ????? ??????.

[לוין-5] ¹ ² ????, ?' (1995). ?????? ???? ???. ????? ?????? ????? ???.

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]