??? ?????? ????? ?? ????

**??? ?????? ????? ?? ????**
**Ejercito del Aire y del Espacio**
	??? ????
	??? ????
	Per aspera ad astra ; ??? ????? ???????
?????
?????	????
???? ???	?????? ?????? ?? ?? ?????? ????? ?? ????
??????? ????????
????? ???????	28 ??????? 1913 ? ???? (111 ????)
??????	????? ???? ; ????? ??????? ??????? ; ????? ????? ; ?????? ????????? ; ????? ??????? ????
????? ??????
??? ???	23,000 ??? ; 414 ??? ???
???? ?????	??? ?????
?????
???? ?????	???? ??? ??????
???? ?????	????? ????
??????	??? ??? ??? ?????? ????? ?? ????

??? ?????? ????? ?? ???? (? ?????? : Ejercito del Aire y del Espacio ) ??? ????? ???????? ?? ?????? ???????? ?? ???? .

???????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

????? ???? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ??? ???? 1896 . ???? 1905 , ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ??????? , ?????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ???? ??????. ????? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ??? "??????". ?- 1909 ???? ??????? ????? ????? ??????? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ?? ??? ?????? ?????. ??? ???? ???, ???? ?? ?????? ????? ???? "??? ???? ?????? ??????" ((Escuela Nacional de Aviacion (civil)) ? ????? ??? ????? . ??? ???? ??? ???? ????? ??????? ???????? ?????????.

??????, ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ??? ????, ???? ????? ???? ??????? ??? ????? ??? ????? ??? ????, ???? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????. ??????, ???? ??????? ?????? "??? ??????" (Jefe de Aviacion). ?- 17 ?????? 1913 , ????? ????? ? ????? , ?????? ??????? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ?????? ?????? Lohner B.I. ????? ??? ?????? ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ????????? ???? ?? ?????? ??????. ^[3] ????? ????? ??? ???? ??? ?????? ?????? ??? ???? ?????? ??????.

?- 1915 ???? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ?????? ?????? ? ??? ??????? . ????? ????? ????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ????? ???????. ?????? ????? ???? ??????? ? ?? ?????? ?- 1919 ????? ??????? ?????? ???? ??? ?????? ?????? ???? ???????? ??'???? . ?- 1920 ????? ??????? ??? ????? ??????? 12 ? ?????? G.3 ???, ?? ????? ????? ?? ????? ? ????? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ??????. ????? ??? ?????? ????? ????? ???? ? ????? ???? ??? ?????? ??? ??????? ?????? ???? ??? ??????. ??? ??????? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ????? ???? ???? ????? , ???? ????? ?? ???????? ????? . ^[4]

???? ?????? ?? ???? ????????? ??????? ?????? ?- 1931 , ???? ??????? ??????? ?????? ??? ?????? ????? ? ????? ??????? ???? ?????? ??? ??? ????? ????? ?????. ?- 1935 ????? ??? ?????? ????? ???? ??? ????? ???? ?????? .

????? ??????? ??????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

??? ????? ? ????? ??????? ???????

?? ???? ????? ??????? ??????? , ????? ??? ?????? ??????: ??? ?????? ?????????? ???? ?????? ???????. ???? ?? ????? ??? ?????? ????? ???? ???????????, ???? ????? ??????? ??????? ???? ?????? ????????. ?? ???? ??? ?? ???????? ??? ????? ??????? ???????????? ????? ???????. ^[5]^[6] ???????? ?? ??? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ????????? ?? ????? ???? ??????. ??? ??????? ???????? ?? ?????? ???? ??????? ????????? ?? ?????? , ?????? ? ??????? ????? ?????? ???????? ???????. ?????? ??????? ???? ?????? ????? ???? ??????? ??????? ????? ????????? ????? ????????. ??????? ????? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ????????? ?? ????? ?????? . ??????? ????? ???????? ????? ?????? Ju 52 ????????? ????? ????? SM.81 ? ???? CR.32 . ??????? 1936 ????? ????? ?? ????? ??????? Bf 109 ? ?????? He 51 . ????? ????? ?? ??????? ?????????, ???? ????? ???? ?????? ????? "???? ?????????" ????? ?? ??? ??????. ????? ?????? ???????? ????, ?? ???? ???? ???????? ????? ???????? ???? ????.

???? ????, ?????? ?? ??????????? ??????? ???? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ???????? ??????????? . ??????, ???? ???? ??????? ????? ????? ?????? ?????, ????? ?? ???? ??????. ????????? ???? ?? ?????? ?????? ???? ???????????. ????? ?????? ?? ?????? 800 ?????? ??????, ^[7] ????? ??? ?? ????? ??????? ???? ????? ???????. ????? ?? ????? ????????? ??? ??? ????? ?????? ? ???'? ?? ???????'? , ???????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?? ?????? ???????? ??????? 1937 . ??? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ????? 413 ?????? ??????, ???? ???? ???????? ??????? ???? ??? ??????. ^[6] ???????? ????????? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ??? ???????????, ?? ??????, ?????? ??????? ?????? ?? ?? ?? ???????? ???? ??????. ?????? ???, ????? 1937 ????? ????????? ?? ?????? ?????? ??? ???????? ????????? ?????? ?????? ???? ?????? ?? ??????? ?????????. ??????? ????? ????? ????????? ?? ?????? ???? ?????, ????? ?? ???????? ???? ?????? ????????. ?? ??? ?????? ???????? ???? ??? ???? ???????? ???????. ^[6]^[7]

????? ?????? ???? ?????? ???? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ??? ???????, ????? ??? ??? ????? ??? ????? ???? ?? ??. ?? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ?????? ???? ?????? ?????, ????? ????? ?? ?????, ????? ??????? , ???? ???? ????? ??????? ????? ????? ????????? ???? ????? ?????. ^[8] ????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ????? ??? ??????? ????????? ??????, ??????? ?? ???? ???????? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ?? ??????. ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ???????????, ??????? ??? ??? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ?????. ???? ????? ??????? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ???????????. ????? ??????? ??? ????? ? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ????. ^[9]^[10]

???? ????? ??????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

???? ???? ????? ??????? ????? ???? ???? ?? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??? ??? ???? (???????? ?????) ?? ?????. ?????? ???????????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ?? ????. ????? ???? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ???????? ??????, ?? ???? ???? ??? ???? ????? ?? ????? ???????? , ???? ??? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ????? ??? ?? ????? ??????? .

????? ????? ????? ?????? , ???? ????? ????? ??????? ??? " ????????? ?????? " ????? ? ???? ??????? ??? ?????? ???? . ?????? ???????? ?? ????? ?????, ???? ?? " ?????? ?????? " (Escuadrilla Azul) ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ????. ????? ??????? ?????? ?? ??? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ??????? ????????? ???? ??????, ????? ????? ???? ??????? ???????. ??? ?? ??? ??????? ???? ??? ?????? ???????? HA-1112 ???? ????? ??????? Bf 109 ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ???? ?????, ???? ?????? ???? ???? ?????? .

????? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ?? ????? ???????? ??????????? ??? . ????? ?????? ??????? ??? ?????? ??????? ? ????? ????? ??????? ???"? , ??? ?????? ?????????? ?????? ??? ???? ??? ??????? ????? ??????? ??????????, ????? ???? ?????? ??????? ?? ?????? ??????? ????????? ?????. ^[11] ????? ????? ????? ??????, ????? ??????? ?? ????? ??????? ??????? ?? ??? ??????.

????? ???? ?-50 ?????? ?????? ?????? ??? ???? ?????? ?????, ???? ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ?????????, ?? ????? ?????? ?????? T-33 , F-86 ????? , ??????? ???? T-6 , ????? C-47 ????? ? ????? C-54 . ????? ?-60 ?? ?????? ??????? ????? ????: F-104 ????????? , ?????? ????? F-4 ????? ? ????'??? F-5 . ??? ???, ???? ??????? ?????? ?? ?????? ????? ?????? ???? "?????? ?????????" (Hispano Aviacion). ?? ???, ??????? ?????????? ????????? ?? ?????? ?????? ???? ?? ??????? ???????? ??????.

???? ???? ?? ????? ?- 1975 ???? ???? ????? ???????? , ?????? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????. ???? ????? ??????? ?? ???? ????"?, ???? ?? ??? ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ?????????? ????? ???? ? ???? ????? ?????' 3 ? ?????' F1 . ?????? ??? ???? ????? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?? ???? ?-70 ??? ??? ???? ?-80, ?? ??? ?????? ??????? ?????????. ????? ?????? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ?????? ????? ?-90 ??? ?????? F/A 18 ????? . ?????? ??????? ?????? ? ?????? ????????? .

????? ?-2000 ???? ???? ?????? ??? ??????? ????????? ?? ?????? ????????? ?????? ? ??????? A400M , ????? ??????? ???????? ??????. ????? 2022 ?????? ????? ???? ?? ??? ?? ??? ?????? ????? ?"??? ?????? ?????". ^[12]

????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

???? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ??:

??? ??? ?????? ????? (CGEA) ?????? - ??????? ?? ??? ??? ??? ?????? ????? (JEMA)
?????? ?????? ????? (MACOM) ????? ?????? ??????
?????? ??????? ????? (MAGEN) ??????
?????? ??????? ?? ????? ??????? (MACAN) ? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ?????
????? ????? ???????? (MALOG) ??????
????? ??? ???? (MAPER) ??????
???? ???????? ??????? (DAE) ??????

???? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ?????? ????? ?????? ??? ??? (ala), ??? ???? ??? ???? ? ?????? ?????? ?????. ??? ?????? ???? ??? ????? ?????? (grupos, ??????? ???????). ?????? ??????? ???? "????? ???? ???????" (Grupo de Fuerzas Aereas). ?????? ??? ?????? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? , ??? ??? ??? ?????? ???? ??? ?-18 ?? 24 ??????. ????? ????? ???? ???? ??? ????? ??????? (Grupo de Material), ?????? ?????? ???????? ???????, ???? ???????? ????. ????? ?????? (Grupo de Apoyo) ?????? ?? ???? ???? ??????? ???? ????? ????? ???? ??????, ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ????? ????. ???? ?????? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ?????? ???.

?????? ??????? ????? ???? ?? ??????? ???????. ?? ?? ??????? ??????? ?????, ?? ?????? ??????? ?? ?????? ???????, ???? ??????? ????????, ??????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??????. ????? ??? ??? ????? ??? ?????? ?-47 (47/o. Grupo Mixto de Fuerzas Aereas) ??? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ???????, ????? ????????? ??????? ????? ?????? ??????? ????? ??? ?????? ??????.

???????, ??? ??? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ??? ??? ?????? ????????. ?????? ??? ???? ??? ???? ????? ??? ??????, ??????? ??????? ????? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? "????? ???????? ?? ??? ?????? ?????".

??????? ???????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

???? ?????? ????? ??? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ? ??????????

??? ???????? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ????? ?? ???? (???????)

??? ?????? ????? ?? ???? , ???? ??????? ???????
??? ?????? ????? ?? ???? , ???? ??????? ??? ( ?????? )

????? ?????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

^ Alerta por falta de personal en el Ejercito del Aire: se necesitan 5.000 militares".
^ "Ejercito del aire. Aeronaves"
^ "Aeroplano, n. 23, 2005"
^ "Ejercito del aire. 1920"
^ The War Between the Wars, AIR & SPACE MAGAZINE The War Between the Wars , AIR & SPACE MAGAZINE, APRIL 30, 2009
^ ¹ ² ³ Daniel Kowalsky, Soviet Pilots in the Spanish Civil War , Stalin and the Spanish Civil War, December 2003
^ ¹ ² ??????? ?? ?????, ????? ??????? ??????? 39?1936 (2): ?????? ??????????? , Men-at-Arms ?????? 498, 20 ?????? 2015 (???????) ??' 33-35.
^ Aerial Warfare and the Spanish Civil War , Centennial of Flight: Born of Dreams - Inspired by Freedom
^ Jose Manuel Moreno-Aurioles Cabezon, Madrid bajo las bombas: Un analisis sectorial , UNIVERSIDAD COMPLUTENSE DE MADRID, 2015-2016
^ Carlos Patrick and Ricky, 80 YEARS AFTER. BARCELONA REMEMBERS BOMBING OF 1938 , Be Local Tours, March 15, 2018
^ "Marcelino Sempere Domenech, El Ejercito del Aire en la Guerra de Sidi Ifni, Universidad de Murcia"
^ El Ejercito del Aire cambia de nombre tras 83 anos y pasa a llamarse Ejercito del Aire y del Espacio

[1] Alerta por falta de personal en el Ejercito del Aire: se necesitan 5.000 militares".

[2] "Ejercito del aire. Aeronaves"

[3] "Aeroplano, n. 23, 2005"

[4] "Ejercito del aire. 1920"

[5] The War Between the Wars, AIR & SPACE MAGAZINE The War Between the Wars , AIR & SPACE MAGAZINE, APRIL 30, 2009

[טייסים_סובייטיים-6] ¹ ² ³ Daniel Kowalsky, Soviet Pilots in the Spanish Civil War , Stalin and the Spanish Civil War, December 2003

[קסאדה-7] ¹ ² ??????? ?? ?????, ????? ??????? ??????? 39?1936 (2): ?????? ??????????? , Men-at-Arms ?????? 498, 20 ?????? 2015 (???????) ??' 33-35.

[8] Aerial Warfare and the Spanish Civil War , Centennial of Flight: Born of Dreams - Inspired by Freedom

[9] Jose Manuel Moreno-Aurioles Cabezon, Madrid bajo las bombas: Un analisis sectorial , UNIVERSIDAD COMPLUTENSE DE MADRID, 2015-2016

[10] Carlos Patrick and Ricky, 80 YEARS AFTER. BARCELONA REMEMBERS BOMBING OF 1938 , Be Local Tours, March 15, 2018

[11] "Marcelino Sempere Domenech, El Ejercito del Aire en la Guerra de Sidi Ifni, Universidad de Murcia"

[12] El Ejercito del Aire cambia de nombre tras 83 anos y pasa a llamarse Ejercito del Aire y del Espacio

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