????? ??????

????? ?????? (? ?????? : Middle School) ??? ??? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ??????? ???????, ??? ??? ??? ????? ???? ??? ??? ????? . ?????????, ?????? ????????? ?? ?????? ??????, ??? ???? ??????? ???? ??? ??????, ?????? ??? ?????? ?????.

??????? ??? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ???, ???? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ????? ???? ??? ????? ?, ? ?? ?, ??????? ????? ?, ? ?? ?. ?????, ????? ??????? ?? ???? 11, 12 ?? 13, ??? ??? 14, 15 ?? 16.

??? ?????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

????? ????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

? ????? ????? ??? ??? ??????? ????? ?? ????? ???, ???, ?? ???. ?????, ????? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ???? ?????? ?????? (Junior High School) ?? ????? ??? ?? ???, ????? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ???? ?????? ?????? (Middle School) ?? ????? ???, ?????? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ?? ???? ?????? ??????, ??? ?? ??? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ???. ^[1]

????, ??? ?????? ????? ?? ??? ??? ??????? ????????, ?? ????? 1909 ????? ????? ??????? ??????? ???? Junior High ? ????????, ????? , ?? ???? ????? ???. ^[2] ??? ??? ???? ?? ???? ????? ?? ???? ?-40 , ?? ???? ?-60 ??? ?????? ?? ???? ?-Middle School ?? ???? ????? ? ?? ? ?? ???? ?, ?? ???? ?????. ^[3] ??? ????? 1970 ?-2000 ??? ???? ??? ???? ???? Junior High ?-7,750 ?-3,566, ???? ???? ??? ???? ???? Middle School ??? ?-2,080 ?-11,521. ^[4]

???? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ???? ??? ?????: ????? ??? (Lower Primary) ?????? ??? (Higher Primary), ????????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????. ???? ??? ??? ???? ?????? ???? ?? ??? ??? ?????: ????? ??? (High School) ?????? ????? (Senior School). ^[5]^[6] ??? ???? 2010, ?????? ???? ???? ?????? (????? ???) ??? ???? ? ???? (?????? ??????). ^[7]

??? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

? ??? ?????? ??????? (ch?gakk?, ? ????'? : 中?校) ??????? ???? ????? ???, ??? ??? ? ????? ????? ??????. ^[8]

????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

??? ????? ? ????? ?????? ??????

? ????? , ????? ??????? ??? ??? ?????? ? ????? ??????? , ??? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?' ?? ?' (????? 12 ?? 15). ?????? ??????? ????? ?????? ? ????? ?????? ??? ???? 1968 , ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????. ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ??????? ? ??? ????? ???? ?? ????? ?', ?????? ?? ???? ????? ???????, ???? ??????? ???????? ????? ? ??? ???? ?????? , ?????? ??????? ?? ????? ? ??? ???? ?????? .

?????? ??????? ??????? ???? ??? ?????? ??????, ??????? ?????? ????? ?????? ???? ??? ????? ????? ???, ????? "??? ??? ??-????".

??? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

? ??? ?????? ??????? (Junior Middle School) ?????? ?? ????? ???, ??????? ?? ?? ???? ?, ^[9] ??? ??? ? ????? ????? ??????. ??? ??? ????? ((Senior Middle School) ??? ???? ??? ?????? ?????, ?? ??? ???? ????? ???? ???????.

???? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

? ???? , ???? ????? ???? ?????? ???? 6 ??? ??? 16. ?????? ?????? ????? ?-"Educacion Primaria" (????? ? ?? ?, ????? ???? ??? ?????) ??-"Educacion Secundaria Obligatoria", ?????? ESO (????? ? ?? ?, ????? ?????? ??????). ???? ??????? ?-ESO ??? ??? 11 ?-15 ?? ??? 12 ?-16, ???? ?????? ????? ?? ??????. ^[10]

???? ?????? ?? ????? ???????, ??????? ?????? ?????? ???? ??? ????-??????????? ????? "Bachillerato" (????? ?? ?? ??), ?? ?????? ? ??? ??? ?????? ????? "Ciclo de Formacion Profesional". ?????, ??????? ?????? ?????? ???? ??? ?????? ??? ????? ? ????? ???? ??????? ?? ????? ???????. ^[10]

?????? ??????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

? ?????? ??????? , ?????? ?????? (?????? jung hakgyo, ? ????? : 中學校, ? ???'? : 中學) ?????? ?? ????? ? ?? ?. ???? ???? 2007, ???? ?-2.06 ?????? ??????? ??????? ???????, ??-108,000 ?????. ^[11]

????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

? ????? , ????? ??????? ????? ?? ????? ? ?? ?, ???? ???? ???? ?? ??? ???? ?????? (???? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ?????, ?? ?????? ?? ????? ?????). ^[12] ???? ??? ????? ???? ??? ???? ?? ????? ??? ????, ??? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ??? ?????? ??? (???? ?????? ?? ???????), ???? ?????? ??????? ?? ????? ???? ?? ??? ???? ??? ????? ?? ???? ????? ?????, ????????? ?????? ??? ?????? ??????? ???? ????????.

??? ???????? ?????? ?-4 ???????: ?????? ??????????????, ???? ????????????, ?????? ????? ????? ?? ???? ??? , ??????? ?????????. ???? ????? ?? ???? ??? ?????? ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ??????, ?????? ????? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ??? ?????? ???? ?????. ??? ??? ??????? ???? ??????, ?? ????? ?? 3 ??????. ^[13]

??? ?? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

??????? ???????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

???? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ? ??????????

????? ?????? , ???? ??????????? ???????? (???????)

????? ?????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

^ Digest of Education Statistics 2001 , ????? ????? ?????? ????? 7 (???? 39 ?-pdf), ‏ National Center for Education Statistics
^ First Junior High School in the United States , ???? Ohio History Central
^ Jon Wiles, Developing Successful K-8 Schools: A Principal's Guide
^ Digest of Education Statistics 2001 , ?????? 42 ?-120 (?????? 74 ?-152 ?-pdf), ‏ National Center for Education Statistics
^ ????? ?? ????? ?????? ????? (1997) , ???? ?-OECD
^ ????? ?????? ?? ???? , ???? ?????? ???????? (????? ?-2012)
^ Ministry of Law and Justice (Legislative Department) (27 August 2009), "The Right of Children to Free and Compulsory Education Act" , ???? India Code
^ ????? ?? ????? ?????? ???? (1997) , ???? ?-OECD
^ ????? ?? ????? ?????? ???? (1997) , ???? ?-OECD
^ ¹ ² ????? ?? ????? ?????? ????? (1997) ???? ?-OECD
????? ?? ????? ?????? ????? (2011) ???? ?-OECD
^ ????? ?????? ??????? ??????? (???????) , ?????? ???????? (????? ?-2012)
^ World Data on Education, 7th Edition , ?????? 8?9, ?????? 2011
^ ?????? ?????? ?????? ???? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?????? (??????)

[1] Digest of Education Statistics 2001 , ????? ????? ?????? ????? 7 (???? 39 ?-pdf), ‏ National Center for Education Statistics

[2] First Junior High School in the United States , ???? Ohio History Central

[3] Jon Wiles, Developing Successful K-8 Schools: A Principal's Guide

[4] Digest of Education Statistics 2001 , ?????? 42 ?-120 (?????? 74 ?-152 ?-pdf), ‏ National Center for Education Statistics

[5] ????? ?? ????? ?????? ????? (1997) , ???? ?-OECD

[6] ????? ?????? ?? ???? , ???? ?????? ???????? (????? ?-2012)

[7] Ministry of Law and Justice (Legislative Department) (27 August 2009), "The Right of Children to Free and Compulsory Education Act" , ???? India Code

[8] ????? ?? ????? ?????? ???? (1997) , ???? ?-OECD

[9] ????? ?? ????? ?????? ???? (1997) , ???? ?-OECD

[ספרד-10] ¹ ² ????? ?? ????? ?????? ????? (1997) ???? ?-OECD
????? ?? ????? ?????? ????? (2011) ???? ?-OECD

[11] ????? ?????? ??????? ??????? (???????) , ?????? ???????? (????? ?-2012)

[12] World Data on Education, 7th Edition , ?????? 8?9, ?????? 2011

[13] ?????? ?????? ?????? ???? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?????? (??????)

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