?????? ???????? - ????? ?????? ??????
??? ????? ??? ?? ?????? ??????? ?
????? ????????
??????, ?????? ????? ??? ???? ??
????? ??????? ??? ??????
(????? "????? ????????? ?????"),
????? ?????? ???????? ??????
(??"?), ????? ?????
???? ??"?
??????? ???? ????? ???????? ?????? ?????? -
?????? ????
.
?????? ???????? ???? ???? ????? ??? ??????
?????? ???????
(
???? ??????? ?? ???? ??????
). ????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ????? ???? 1936 ?? ????? "??? ??????" ???????? (?????? ???
???? ??? [????] ??????
(
??'
)
); ????? - ?? ????? "??? ?????" (?????? ??? ???? [???] ?????); ??? ???? - ????? ????? ??.
?????? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ????? "????" ???????? ?-
1958
.
[1]
??? ????? ????? ????? ??? ?????? ?????? ????? ????. ?-
1965
????? ????? ????? ???? ???????? ?????? ???? ?
???????????
, ?????? ?? ???? ??? ??????? ?????? ??? ????? ?????
?????? ?????? ??????
, ?????? ????? ????
1971
. ?????? ???????? ??? ?????, ??? ????
1974
??? ?????? ???????? ??
????? ?????? ????'
?????? ??????? ??????? ??????, ???????? ?????? ????? ????
1980
.
?????
?????? ??2009 ??-
2013
?? ?????????? ??????? ??????, ???? ?? ????? ???????? ???? ???????? ?????? ???? ???????, ??? ??3.9%.
[2]
??? ??
????? ???????? ??? ??????
???? 2018, ?????? ??? ???? ?? ??? ??? ?????? ??????
???? ????
, ??? ?? 12-13% ???? ??????? ?????? (?-800,000 ??? ????) ?????? ????????? ?? ????????????.
[3]
?? ???, ?? ?? ???"? ?????? ????? ??? ?????? ??????? ?
???????
?? ?
????????
, ????? ???? ????? ?? ???? ??????.
[4]
???? ????? ?????? ????????, ?-5,000 ?????? ??????? ?????? ?-50 ??????? ??????? ??????, ??????? ???? 10,000 ???. ?? ???, ?????? ?????? ?? ??? 120,000 ??????? ??????? ??? ??? ?????? ???????? ????? ?? ??????.
[5]
???? ?? ?????? 50 ??????, ?????? ???????? ??????? ????? ????? ????. ??? ???????,
???
?
????
, ?
????? ??????
,
?? ????
, ????? ??????. ?????? ?????? ?-40 ??? ?????, ??????? ???????? ?????? ??? ????, ????? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ??????, ????? ????,
???? ??"?
, ??? ????? ??????? ??????????, ??????? ?????? 20 ?-30. ?????? ??? ?? ??? ???? ????? ???? ????????? ?????? ???????. ???? ???? ???"? ?????? ??? ???
???? ????
, ???? ?
??????
2021
????? ?????? ??
??? ????????
, ????? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ????"?. ??"? ????? ?????? ??? ??? 2019 ??? ???? ????????.
????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?
??? ????? - ???? ?????
?
???????
, ????? ?????? ?
????? ?????? ????'
.
????? ?????? ???????? ?????? (??"?)
[
????? ??? ????
|
?????
]
??"? (??? ?????: "
????? ?????? ???????? ??????
") ????? ?? ????? ??????? ???????? ??????? (??? ????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ?? ??????? ??????). ??? ?????????? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??????,
????? ????
(?????? ????? ????? ????? ???????:
?????? ????
), ?????? ?????? ?????,
????? ????
??????? ????? ???????,
????? ???
. ??? ?? ???? ????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ??? ????, ????? ?????. ??"? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????, ?? ?? ?????? ??????? ????? ??? ??? ???? ???????? ??????? ??????? ?? ???? ?????? ????? ?????.
???"? ??? ??? ?
????
?????? ????. ???? ??"? ????? ??? ??' ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??? ???? ?????? ???-?????. ?? ??? ???? ?? ??"? (??"?) ??? ????
???? ???
?????? ??? ???? ??? ??? ?????? ?????.
????? ??????? ??? ?????? ??? ????? ???????? ???????? ?? ?????? ?????? ??????. ????? ???? ??????? ??????? ????????? ?????? ?????? ?????, ?????? ??????? ??????? ???????, ??????? ?
????????
??? ??????. ????? ???? ?? ?????? ??????? ????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ?????, ??? ???? ????? ???? ????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ??????. ??? ???? ?-
1987
?? ??? ???
???? ???
, ????
2002
????? ?????
??? ?????
.
?-
1992
???? ?????? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ?????, ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ???????? ???? ????, ??? ????? ????? ????? ???? ??-??
??? ?????
. ???? 2017 ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????? ??????, ?????? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ??????.
????? ????? ???????? ?? ?????? ??????? ??????
[
????? ??? ????
|
?????
]
?????? ????? ???
????? ??? ?? ??????
, ??????? ????? ?????? ??????
??? ??? ?????
. ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?? ??????? ?????????, ?
???????
?
???????
?????? ?? ??? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ??????.
???? ??????
???? ????? ????? ?????? ?
???? ???????
, ??? ?????
??"?
????
2002
. ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ?????. ??? ????? ?????? ???? ?? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ????? ???? ??????? ?????, ????? ???? ??? ???? ??????? ??????, ??? ?????? ???? ?????? ????? ???????? ????????, ????? ??????? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ????.
- ????? ?????,
?????? ???????? ??????: ?????? ????????
, 2000.
- ?????? ????
,
??? ???? ???: ?????? ????? ???????
, ?? ????: ?????? ???????, 2009.
- ???? ????
(????),
?????? ????? ??????: ??? ????? ?????? ????????
, ?? ????:
???
, 2004.
- ??????? ?????
(????),
?????? ????????: ????, ????? ?????
,
?????
???? ?? ??? ????????
??????? ??????, ?? ???? 2014
- ?????? ??????-?????
,
?????? ???????? ??????
,
??????
, 2018.
[6]
- ????? ?? ????,
'????????? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???????'
,
??????
, ??? 32, ??' 165?191, ????? ???? ??-??????, 2019.
- ????? ?? ???? ?
???? ???
(??????),
?????? ???????? ??????: ????? ?? ???? ??? ?????
, ????? ???? ??-??????, 2022.