?????

???? ????????, ???????????? ???????

????? ??? ??? ???? ? ??? ???? ????? ???? ?? ??? ????? . ??? ?? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ? ????? ??? ?????, ????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? .

????? ????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

???? ????? ????? ?????? ?????:

???? ??? ????? ???? ????? ?????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

?? ???? ????? ?? ???? ????? ???? ?
?????? Graph ????? ??????? ?????? ???? .

????? ????????? ????? ?? ??? ???? ??? ?????? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ? ??? ?????? ??? ?????? . ?????: ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ?????????? ???? 2005 ( ?????? ???? ) ?????? ?? ?????? ????:

???? ???? ????? 8-0 10-9 12-11 15-13 16+
??? ???? ?????? 24.7 27.2 31.4 41.1 60.7

????? ??? ?????? ????? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ???????? ?? ???? ????? . ?? ???, ???? ??? ????? ???? ??? ???? ???? ????? ?? ????? ??????: ?????? ????? ???? "?????" ?? ????? ?????????????? ?????? ?????? ?? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ?? ??? ???? ???????, ??? ????? ???? ??????? ??????.

???? ?????? ??????? ????????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

??? ???????? ? ???????????? ???????? ? ??? ??????? ???? ?????? ?????? ??? ?????? ?? ? ????? ???????. ???? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ????? ? ????? ????? ????? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ?????.

?????? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ? ????? ????? , ????? ?????? ??? ????? ??? ????????? ???????. ?????? ? ??????? ?????? ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ??????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ??? ?? ???? ????? ????? ?????? [2] .

?????? ?? ?????? ????????? ?? ?????? ?????? ????????? ??????? ???????? ??? ?????? ????????? ?????. ?? ???, ????? ?? ???? ?????? ?????? ????????? ????? ??????. ??? ???? ???????? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ??? ?? ??????? , ?? ????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ???? ?? ???? ???????? ?????? ? ????? ????? ???? ??????? ?????? ?? ??? ????? . ??? ??, ??? ??? ???? ?? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ?????? ??? ??? ?????? ????? ???? ??? ?????? ????? ????. ????? ?? ????? ????????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????? [3] .

???? ????? ??????? ??????? ????? ?????? ????? ??????? ?? ????, ?? ?? ??????????? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? .

??? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ????? ??? ??? ?????-??????? ????. ??? ?????? ?????? ??????? ? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? (???? ????? ?? ????? ???? ????? ?????). ??? ?? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ????? ??????? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ????? ?????.

???? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ????????? ??? ??? ??????? , ??????? ??? ??????? ??? ????? ?????? ??????? ???. ??????: ??? ?????????? ???????? ???? ?????? ?????? ???? ?????? ????, ???? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????. ????? ???, ????? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ????? ????? ?????, ???? ??????? ????????? ????? ?? ??????? ????? ?????? [3] .

??? ?? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

??????? ???????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

????? ?????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

  1. ^ V. S. Ramachandran, ed. (2012) Encyclopedia of Human Behavior, 2nd ed. Academic Press.
  2. ^ ??? ????-???????? (2000). ?????? ?????? ?????: ?????? ??????? ??????? ???? - ?????? ????. ???????: ???? ?? ???.
  3. ^ 1 2 ???? ???, ????? ???????'?, ??? ???? ?????? ?? (2002). ??? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?? ??????? ??????? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? - ????? 2. ???????: ???? ?? ???.