?????
: ??????? ??? ???? ??????? ????? ??????.
????? ??????????? ?????? ?????
??? ????? ??
?????? ????
?? ??????
?????? ?
???????
, ?? ???? ????? ?????? ?
????? ?????
, ?
??????
, ?
?????????
, ?
??? ????
????? ????????? ??????? ??? ??? ????? ?
????? ??????? ??????????
(SI) ??
???? ??????
. ????????, ??? ????? ????? ?????? ??, ??? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ???
?????
?? ?????? ????? ?????? ??
???? ????? ????????
.
????? ??????? ??????????? ?? ????? ????? ???. ??? ????? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ???? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ?? ????. ?????? ?? ?????? ????
1066
, ???
?????? ??????? ?? ??????
, ???????? ????? ??????? ????????? ?
??????
?? ????? ?????? ?
?????
?????? ???? ?? ?????? ??????-??????? ??????. ???? ??? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????
1215
,
1496
,
1588
?-
1758
. ?????, ????
1959
????? ????? ??????? ?????? ??? ??????? ???????? ??????????, ?????? ?? ?????? ???? ????? ?????, ?????, ?????????.
??????? ????? ????? ?? ?? ??????? ???????? ???? ??????, ???? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ??????.
?????? ??????? ??????? ???? ???????, ???
????? ???????
.
| ???
???
|
1/4 ??? ?????
|
|
| ???
?????
|
1/3 ????'
|
|
| ????? (digit)
|
3/4 ????'
|
|
| ????'
|
3 ???? ?????
|
2.54 ?"? (????)
|
| ??? (palm)
|
3 ????'??
|
|
| ?? ?? (hand)
|
4 ????'??
|
|
| ??????? - ???? ?? ??? ???
?????
?????
|
6.5 ????'?? ?? 1066, 6 ????'?? ???? ???
|
|
| ??? (span) - ???? ?? ??? ???????? ????? ??????
|
3 ????? = 9 ????'??
|
|
| ???
|
????? 13 ????'??, ???? 1066 ????? ?-12 ????'??
|
30.48 ?"? ????
|
| ??? (cubit)
|
??? ???? = 18 ????'??
|
|
| ????
|
3 ?????? = 36 ????'??
|
91.44 ?"? ????
|
| ???? (ell)
|
20 ????????? = 45 ????'?? = ???? ????
|
|
| ?????
- ????? ???? ???? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????
|
6 ??????
|
182.88 ?"? ????
|
| ??? (rod)
|
????? 20 ??????, ???? 1066 ????? ?-16 ?????? ????
|
|
| ????? (chain)
|
???? ?-17 ??? ?????? ???? ???????. ????? ????? ???? ?-66 ??????
|
|
| ??????
|
40 ????, ?????? ?
????
|
201.168 ?'
|
| ???? (?????)
|
???? 1066 - 5000 ??????, ?-
1592
????? ?-5280 ??????, ??? ????? ???? 8 ????????
|
1609.344 ?' ????
|
| ???? (league)
|
3 ??????
|
4.828 ?"?
|
????? ?? ??? ?????? ?????? ????.
| ???
????
|
3/4 ???? ?????
|
48.6 ?"?
|
| ???
?????
(???)
|
|
65 ?"?
|
| ?????
|
1/16 ??????? = 27.34 ?????
|
1.772 ???
|
| ??????
|
1/16 ?????? = 437.5 ?????
|
28.35 ???
|
| ?????
|
16 ??????? = 7000 ?????
|
453.6 ???
|
| nail, clove
|
7 ???????
|
|
| ????
|
14 ??????? = 1/2 ????
|
6.35 ?"?
|
| ??? (quarter)
|
28 ??????? = ??? ???
|
12.7 ?"?
|
| ??? ???? (????? ?????)
|
100 ???????
|
|
| ??? (hundredweight)
|
112 ???????
|
|
| ??? ??? (????? ?????)
|
20 ???? ?????
|
|
| ??? ?????
|
20 ????
|
1016 ?"?
|
????? ?? ????? ????? ??????
?????
?????? ?????. ??-????? ?????? ????? ??? ????
1527
, ?????
1879
????? ????? ????? ????, ???? ??????? ?????, ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ??.
| ???
|
|
64.8 ?"?
|
| ??? (pennyweight)
|
24 ?????
|
1.56 ???
|
| ??????? ?????
|
18¾ ??? = 450 ?????
|
29 ???
|
| ??????? ????
|
20 ??? = 480 ?????
|
31.1 ???
|
| ????? ?????
|
12 ??????? ????? = 5400 ?????
|
350 ???
|
| ????? ????
|
12 ??????? ???? = 5760 ?????
|
373 ???
|
| ???
|
|
64.8 ?"?
|
| ??????
|
20 ?????
|
1.3 ???
|
| ????
|
3 ???????? = 60 ?????
|
3.89 ???
|
| ??????? ?????? = ??????? ????
|
8 ?????? = 480 ?????
|
31.1 ???
|
| ????? ?????? = ????? ????
|
12 ??????? ?????? = 5760 ?????
|
373 ???
|
- ????? ?????? = 15 ??????? ????? = 6750 ????? = 437.4 ???
- ????? ???????? = 15 ??????? ???? = 7200 ????? = 466.6 ???
- ???? ????? = 8 ??????? = 3.63 ?"?
- ???? ??????? = 12 ??????? ????????? = 5.6 ?"?
- ?? (sack) = 26 ?????? = 364 ??????? = 165 ?"?
| ??????? ??????
|
|
0.028 ????
|
| ?'??
|
5 ???????
|
0.142 ????
|
| ????
|
4 ?'????
|
0.568 ????
|
| ???????
|
2 ??????
|
1.136 ????
|
| ???? ?????
|
4 ???????? = 8 ??????
|
4.55 ????
|
| ??
|
2 ??????
|
9.092 ????
|
| ?????
|
2 ????
|
18.184 ????
|
| ???? ?????
|
2 ??????? = 4 ????
|
36.368 ????
|
| ??????
|
2 ??????
|
72.737 ????
|
| ??? (quarter)
|
8 ??????
|
290.95 ????
|
| ???????
|
4 ????? = 32 ??????
|
1163.8 ????
|
| ????
|
10 ????? = 80 ??????
|
2909.5 ??????
|
| ????
?????
|
|
4.55 ??????
|
| ??????
|
15 ??????
|
68.19 ??????
|
| ???? (barrel)
|
7/4 ????????
|
119.3 ??????
|
| ????
|
4/3 ????? = 7/3 ????????
|
159.1 ??????
|
| ??????? (hogshead)
|
3/2 ?????? = 2 ?????
|
238.7 ??????
|
| ??????
|
4/3 ????????? = 2 ??????
|
318.2 ??????
|
| ????? (pipe)
|
3/2 ???????? = 2 ????????? = 3 ??????
|
477.3 ??????
|
| ???
|
2 ??????? = 3 ???????? = 4 ????????? = 210 ??????
|
954.7 ??????
|
| ???? ????
|
|
4.62 ??????
|
| ??????
|
8 ????? ???? (1454)
|
36.97 ??????
|
| 8 ???? ????? ???? (1688)
|
39.28 ??????
|
| 9 ????? ???? (1803)
|
41.59 ??????
|
| 9 ?????? ??????? (1824)
|
40.91 ??????
|
| ????????
|
2 ????????
|
|
| ???? (barrel)
|
2 ?????????? = 4 ????????
|
|
| ???????
|
3/2 ????? = 3 ?????????? = 6 ????????
|
|
| ????'
|
1/12 ????
|
2.554 ?"?
|
| ???
|
12 ????'??
|
30.645 ?"?
|
| ???? (ell)
|
37 ????'??
|
94.5 ?"?
|
| ??? (fall)
|
18 ???
|
5.516 ?'
|
| ????
|
320 ?????
|
1814.2 ?'
|
?????? ??????? ????????? ??????, ???
????? ?????????
.
???? ????? ??? ????? ??????? ????????? ??? ??????? ????. ????? ???? ????? ???, ?????? ????? ????? ???????? ???? ??? ??????? ???? ?? ??????? ?? ???
1824
, ??? ????? ?????
?????? ???????????
??????? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ?? ?????? ????. ????????? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ??????, ???? ???? 231 ????' ?????, ????? ??????? ?????? ????? ?? ?? ????? ?????, ????? 282 ????' ?????. ???? 1824 ??????? ????? ?? ??? ??????? ???? ????, ?????? ?-277.42 ????' ?????, ????? ?? ???? ???? ???? ????? ????? ???? ????? ???? (???? ???????). ????? ??? ????? ?? ????? ????? ??????, ???? ????? ???? ?-8 ?????? ???????, ???? ????? ???????? ???? ??? ????. ????? ???, ??????? ???????? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? (?? ???????? ???????, ??? ?????, ???? ?????? ?????? ??????), ????? ??????? ?????????? ????? ??????, ?? ???? ???? ?????? ?????, ???? ???? ??? ??????.
???????, ?? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ???? ??-20% ??????? ????????? ???????, ??? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ??-3% ??????? ????????? ??????. ????? ????? ??? ??????? ???????, ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ?-160 ???????, ??? ???????? - ?-128. ??? ??????? ????? ??????? ????? ?-96% ???????? ????? ?????????.
?????? ????? ??? ????? ??????? ????? ????????? ?? ???, ?????????? ?? ????? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ???? (?? ?? ???? ??????? ??? ???? ?????? ????), ??? ?????????? ???? ????? ??????? ?????? ?????, ???? ????? ????? ?????????? ????? ?-10.7% ???? ????????.