???? ???? ????
(?
??????
:
Harlan Fiske Stone
;
11 ????????
1872
?
22 ??????
1946
) ???
???? ???
?
?????
???????
????? ?
???? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????
?????
1925
?
1941
????? ??? ??? ????? ?-1946 ?
???? ??? ????? ??????
. ???? ??????? ?
??? ????? ??????
???? ?
???? ????? ?? ????? ?????
?????? ??
?????
?????? ??????'
, ???? ??? ???? ?????' ??????. ?????? ????? ????? ???? ???? ???? ??? ???: "??? ????? ?? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ??? ?????? ?????".
[1]
??? ???? ??'???????,
??? ???????
. ???? ???? ??????? ???? ???? ?
??????
??
?????????? ????????
??? ??? ???? ????? ??? ?
??? ????
. ??? ??? ?
????
??? ???? ??????? ?? ?????????? ???????? ????? ????? ????? ???? "?????? ????????". ?
????? ????? ???????
??? ??? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ??
????? ??????
.
?-
1924
???? ???? ?????
?????? ??????'
?
???? ????? ?? ????? ?????
. ???? ??? ???? ??????? ?
????? ???????
???? ??? ???????? ?????? ????? ??????? ??
???? ??????
. ??? ?? ???? ??? ???? ????? ???? ??? ??????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ?
?????? ???????
.
?-
1925
???? ????? ??????' ?? ???? ?
???? ???? ????? ??????
?????? ?? ?????
?'??? ????
????, ??????? ???? ?
????
?? ?? ??????? ???. ???? ???? ????? ???????? ??
?????? ?????? ????
????? ???? ???????
?????
?
???????
?????? ?
????? ??????
??????? ???? ????? ???????. ?????? ??????? ??
?'???? ????? ???
???? ???? ???????? ??????? ?
??????
????
???????
??????
????? ?????????
?????? ???? ?? ???? ???????? ?? ?
??? ???
. ???? ???? ??? ?????? "????? ????? ??? ???? ???? ????"
(
United States v. Darby Lumber Co.
)
?"????? ????? ??? ???? ????? ??????"
(
United States v. Carolene Products Co.
)
?????? ?? ????? ????????? ?? ???? ??????? ????????.
?-
1941
???? ?????
??????? ????? ???????
?? ???? ???? ??
???? ??? ????? ??????
?'???? ????? ???
????, ?????? ???? ?? ??????. ??? ????? ???????? ?? ???? ??? ???? ????? ?????
????? ????? ??????
, ???? ???? ?? ???? ??????? ?? ???'?? ???????
(
Ex parte Quirin
)
????? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ?????
??????
?????? ?? ?????? ????? ?????. ??? ???? ??? ???? "???? ??????? ?????????? ??? ?????????"
(
International Shoe Co. v. Washington
)
?????? ????? ?????? ??????
(
Personal jurisdiction
)
. ???? ??? ???? ????? ??? ?
??? ??? ???????? ??? ????? ?????
???? ?
????? ?????? ?????? ?????
???? ??
?????
. ???? ???? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ?-
1946
. ?????? ????? ??? ?????? ??? ??? ?? ?? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ??? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ?????.
???? ???? ???? ??'???????,
??? ???????
???? ?????? ???? ????????, ?? ????? (???? ?????) ????. ??? ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ??? ?
?????????? ???'???? ??????
??-
1894
???? ?? ??????? ?????' ??????, ?? ??? ??? ??? ??????
?? ??? ???
.
[2]
???? ???? ??????? ???
1895
??? ??? ??? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ?????????? ??
???'????
. ???? ??? ???
1896
??? ??? ????? ????????? ???????? ????? ??
???????
,
??? ????
.
???? ??? ???? ???? ?
??????
??
?????????? ????????
??? ?????
1895
?
1898
. ??? ???? ??????
???? ?????
??????? ??? ???? ??????? ??? ????? ????? ????? ???? ?? ??? ????.
[3]
??? ??? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ????, ?????? ????? ????? ????? ???? "??????, ?????? ?????", ?????? ???? ????? ????? ????? ???? "?????? ????????". ?????
1899
?
1902
??? ???? ???? ???? ??????? ?? ?????????? ????????. ???? ??? ???
1905
??? ???? ?? ?????
???????
?????? ?? ???, ??? ?????
1910
?
1923
, ??? ???? ?? ??? ????? ?
????
??? ????.
[3]
??? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????????? ????? "??????????".
?
????? ????? ???????
??? ???? ??? ?????? ???? ?????? ?????? ??
????? ??????
, ??? ??
????'??
????? ???? ?????????? ??
??? ????? ?????
??????
?'????? ??
, ????? 2,294 ????? ?? ????? ?????? ?????
?????? ???????
????? ?? ??? ?????? ?????. ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ?? ??? ???? ????????, ?? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???? ?????? ???? ?????? ????? ???????. ???? ???? ???? ??????? ???? ?????? ?? ???????? ????? ???????? ????? ???????, ???? ???? ?????? ???????. ???? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ???????? ?? ??????? ?? ????? ??????. ????? ???? ???? ???? ?? ??????? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ????: "???? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???? ?? ?????? ??? ????? ???? ????? ????? ???????... ???? ???? ????? ?????????? ???????... ???? ??? ???? ???????? ?? ?????".
[4]
?? ?? ????, ??? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ??????: "???? ?? ??? ?? ?? ?????? ???? ????? ??????, ????? ?????, ??? ??? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ???
????? ?????
????, ???? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ??????? ???? ?????".
[5]
???? ?????? ??? ???? ?????? ??
????? ????? ?? ????? ?????
??????? ????? ?????
, ?? ?????????? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????? ???? ????? ????? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ????. ????? ????? ??? ???? ?? ?? ?????? ?????
???? ??????
?? ????????? ????????????. ?? ???? ???? ?????????? ???????? ????? ?? ??? ??? ??? ????? ?????, ???? ?
??????? ??????
. ???? ?????? ?? ??? ?? ????????? ??? ???? ????? ???????. ??? ??? ?? ??? ??? ??? ??????? ???? ????? ????????? ??????? ?????? ???? ?????.
[6]
?? ?? ?? ????? ???? ?? ????? ?????, ??? ????? ?? ??? ???? ???????????,
?????? ???? ?????
, ?? ????? ?????????? ???? ???? ?????? ??????? ????????? ?????? ?????.
?-
1923
, ??? ?????? ????????? ?? ????? ????? ??????? ??? ???? "?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ???????" ????? ??? ???? "??????????????", ????? ???? ??????? ????? ??? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ?
??? ?????
"?????? ????????". ?? ??????? ????? ????? ???? ???? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ?? ?????, ????? ????? ??????? ?????? ??????, ??? ???????? ??????? ???? ?????? ?????????
?'??. ??. ?????
.
[6]
???? ???? ?? ??? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ???? ????? ????? ??? ???? ?"??? ???? ???????, ????? ???????? ????? ???? ?????? ????".
?-
1 ??????
1924
???? ???? ?? ??? ???? ????? ???????? ???????,
?????
?????? ??????'
, ?
???? ????? ?? ????? ?????
. ??????' ?? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ??????? ?? ???????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??
???? ??????
. ??? ?????? ???????? ?? ???? ????? ????? ??? ???? ?? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ?????,
???? ?????? ??????
, ???? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ??????.
[6]
????? ????? ??? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ??
?'?? ???? ????
???? ?-
FBI
?????? ?
????? ???????
, ????? ???? ???? ???? ?? ???? ?? ??????? ?? ?? ???? ?? ?
??????? ????
?????? ????? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????. ????? ???? ????, ???? ???? ???? ??????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ???????? ???? ?? ????? ??????? ??????? ?? ???? ?????????? ?? ??????
(
Alcoa
)
, ?????? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ??????,
????? ?????
,
????? ?????? ????
.
[6]
?
?????? ??????? ?? 1924
??? ???? ??? ???? ??????? ?? ??????' ?????? ?????. ??? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ???????????,
????? ?? ????
, ????? ???????? ????? ?????? ???? ??? ?? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ?? ?????. ???? ??? ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ???????.
[6]
??? ??? ???? ??????? ????? ?????
?'??? ??'???
???? ????? ?????? ??-
5 ??????
1925
???? ????? ??????' ?? ???? ??????. ?????? ????? ?????, ?? ?? ??? ?????? ????? ???? ?????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ??? ??????? ?????? ??????? ???????. ??? ?????????? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ?
??? ?????
?????? ??????? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ???????? ????????. ??? ????? ?? ?????? ????, ???? ???? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ????
???? ????? ?? ?????
. ?-
5 ???????
???? ?????? ????? ???? ?? 71 ?????? ??? 6 ???????.
[6]
????? ??? ??? ??? ???? ???????.
[3]
?-
2 ????
????? ???? ??????? ?? ??? ???? ??? ????? ??????
?????? ?????? ????
.
[6]
??? ??? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?? ??? ????? ??????'.
??? ????? ?????? ?? ????
???? ?-20
??? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ???? ??????. ??? ??????? ??????? ?? ???? ??? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ????? ????????? ??????? ?????? ??????. ??? ????? ???? ?? ?????????? ?? "???? ???? ?????"
(
Substantive due process
)
?????? ???????
???? ??????
??? ???? ?? ????????? ???????? ?? ??? ?????? ??????? ??? ??? ??????
???????
. ?????? ?? ??? ????? ???? ???? ????? ??? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ???????? ????? ?? ??????? ???????
??? ??
?????????. ?? ?? ???????? ?? ???????????, ?? ???? ????? ???? ???? ??????? ?? ??? ?????, ??????? ?????? ??? ????? ?
??? ??????
?? ???????
?????
?
???????
, ?????? ???? ?? ?????
??????
???? ??? ????? ?? ?????, ???? ???? ???? ?? ???? ?? ??????? ????? ?????? ???????. ??????? ???????? ???? ?
????? ??????
??????? ????? ?? ????? ???????.
[6]
???? ???? ??????, ??????? ??????? ????
????? ?????????
?? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ???????? ???. ?????? ????? ????? ???? ??????? ?
??? ???
?? ?????
??????? ????? ???????
, ????? ???????? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ??. ??????, ???? "????? ????? ??? ???? ???? ????"
(
United States v. Darby Lumber Co.
)
????
1941
, ??? ??? ?? ??? ???? ?? ??? ????? ????? ?? ??????? ??????? ??????? ?? ??? ???? ?????? ??????? ??
1938
. ???? ?? ??? ?? ??? ???? ???? "????? ????? ??? ???? ????? ??????"
(
United States v. Carolene Products Co.
)
???? 1938, ?????? ?????? ???? 4 ???????? ??? ??? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ??????? ???????? ????? ?????.
?????? ?? ???? ???? ??? ???? ????? ??????? ?????, ??-
12 ?????
1941
??? ???? ???? ?
???? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????
?????? ??
?'???? ????? ???
??????.
[7]
???? ??? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ?????? ??-
27 ?????
???? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ?-
3 ?????
.
[8]
???? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????
[
????? ??? ????
|
?????
]
????? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ?
??????
?????? ??????? ???? ???? ???? ?? ???? ????? ????? ??????
???? ????????
, ???? ??? ???? ??????? ?? ???'?? ???????
(
Ex parte Quirin
)
.
[9]
?????? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ?? ??? ???? ???????.
[10]
???? ?? ??? ?? ???? ???? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ????????? ???? ???? "International Shoe Co ??? ?????????"
(
International Shoe Co. v. Washington
)
.
[11]
???? ???? ??
????? ???????
?"?????" ???? ???????, ?? ?? ?? ?????? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ??????,
????? ?. ?'????
, ???? ????? ????? ?? ????? ????? ???????.
[12]
???? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ??? ????? ????? ????? ???? ???????? ??? ??? ??. ???? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ??? ???? ??????? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ??? ????? ??? ????? ??????.
???? ??? ?
??? ????
??????? ?? ????? ??? ????? ??????. ??? ???? (?? ??? ?????? ?????, ???? ????) ?? ????? ???? ??? ?????? ??? ???? ???? "?????? ??? ????? ?????"
(
Girouard v. United States
)
. ?????
???? ????
????? ?? ????? ??????? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ??????.
???? ???? ???? ?????? ?
????? ????
????? ??
????????? ??. ??.
?-
22 ??????
1946
.
[13]
??? ???? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ??????? ??????' ??????. ???? ???? ????? ??????? ?? ?????? ?????, ????
????? ??? ??????
,
?'?? ???? ????
?
????? ????
.
?-
1899
??? ???? ????? ???? ??????. ???? ????? ??? ????: ?????? ?. ????, ???? ??? ???? ?????, ????? ?. ????,
????????
.
???? ???
???????
????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??? ????, ???? ?????? ???????? ?? ??? ???? ???????, ??? ????? ????? ???? ????????? ???? ???? ???????? ?? ?????????.
?-
1900
????? ??
???? ???
??? ???? ?????' ?????? ??-
1913
????? ?? ????
?????? ??? ????
??????? ???????. ?-
1924
?????? ??
?????????? ???
???? ?????? ??? ???? ???????. ???? ???? ????? ?? ?-
1925
?? ???
?????????? ????????
?
??????? ????'
. ?-
1964
??? ????' ?????? ????? ?? ???.
??? ???? ??????? ?? ?????????? ???????? ?????
?????
?? ??? ????????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ??????.
[14]
??? ???? ??????? ?? ?????????? ??? ????? ?? ??? ???? ???? ???? ??? ??? ?????.
[15]
- ^
"United States v. Butler, 297 U.S. 1, 87 (1936) (dissenting opinion)".
- ^
Supreme Court Justices Who Are Phi Beta Kappa Members Archived 2011-09-28 at the Wayback Machine, Phi Beta Kappa website, accessed Oct 4, 2009
- ^
1
2
3
Harlan Fiske Stone at the Biographical Directory of Federal Judges, a public domain publication of the Federal Judicial Center.
- ^
Louisa Thomas, Conscience: Two Soldiers, Two Pacifists, One Family--a Test of Will andFaith in World War I, Penguin, 2011
- ^
Christopher Capozzola, Uncle Sam Wants You: World War I and the Making of the Modern American Citizen, Oxford University Press, 2010.
- ^
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Theodore M. Vestal. "Harlan Fiske Stone: New Deal Prudence". Oklahoma State University. Archived from the original on December 14, 2012.
- ^
Franklin D. Roosevelt “Day by Day” - June, 1941
- ^
"Justices 1789 to Present".
- ^
Ex Parte Quirin, 317 U. S. 1 (1942)
- ^
Ex parte Quirin - oyez.org
- ^
International Shoe v. State of Washington, 326 U. S. 310 (1945)
- ^
Saul Jay Singer, Three Nuremberg Documents, The Jewish Press, July 26, 2017.
- ^
Death claims Harlan Stone, Chief Justice
- ^
"Academic Recognition and Prizes". Columbia Law School.
- ^
"Yale moot court to take on case against U.S. attorney general". YaleNews. December 3, 2010.