??? ??????? ??????
Royal Navy
 |
| ??? ??? ???????
|
|
Si vis pacem, para bellum
????? ????? ????? ??????
|
|
?????
|
|---|
|
?????
|
Senior Service
|
|---|
|
?????
|
?????? ???????
 ?????? ???????
|
|---|
|
????
|
???? ?????
|
|---|
|
???
|
??? ??
, ????? ?
????? ????
|
|---|
|
???? ???
|
???????
 |
|---|
|
??????? ????????
|
|---|
|
????? ???????
|
1546????? (??478 ????)
|
|---|
|
??????
|
????? ??????? ???????
,
?????? ?????-??????
,
????? ??????? ?? ????? ?????
,
????? ??? ?????
,
????? ????? ???????
,
????? ????? ??????
,
????? ??????
,
????? ?????
,
????? ??????
,
????? ????????
,
????? ?????
|
|---|
|
????? ??????
|
|---|
|
??? ???
|
32,360 ?????? ????? ?-3,370 ???? ??????? (???? 2023)
[1]
|
|---|
|
???????
|
|---|
|
??? ??? ????
|
  |
??? ??????? ??????
(?
??????
:
The Royal Navy
: "
??? ???????
") ??? ????? ????? ??
?????? ???????? ?? ???????
. ????
1692
???? ???
????? ????? ??????
??? ???
??? ???
????? ????? ????? ?????. ??? ???? ?????? ??????? ?
?????
????? ??????? ?????? ????? ?????
?-18
?
?-19
, ???? ??? ????? ???????? ?????? ??
???????? ???????
.
?? ???? ??????? ?????? ??? ???? ????, ??? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ??? ?
?????
?? ??????? ??? ???????? ????? ?????? ?????????. ??
?????? ????
?????????
???? ???????
????? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ??????? ???? ??? ???? ?
??? ?-21
, ???? ??? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ?????? ????? ?? ??????? ???? ??????? ????? ?????.
??? ??????? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?? ??? ?????? ????? ??????? ?? ???, ??? ??:
???? ??????
,
??? ?????? ???????
(????? ????? ???? ??????? ???? ??? ???),
?? ???? ???????
(Royal Fleet Auxiliary),
????? ???????
(Submarine Service) ?
?? ??? ???
(Surface Fleet).
????? ??? ??????? ?
??? ???
????? ???? ???? ??? ??????? ???? ??????? "?????? ????" (Naval Service), ????? ?? ??
??? ?????? ???????
(Royal Marines), ?? ?????? ??? ??????? (Royal Naval Reserve) ????. ???, ?????? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ??? "??? ???????". ?? ??, ?? ?? ??????? ????? ??? ?? ???? ???? - ???? - ???? ?????? ??? ??? ?? ??? ???????, ????? ?? ???? ??? ???? ??????.
??? ??????? ???? ????? ????????? ????? ????? ????? ?? ??????? ?????????? ????? ???. ???? ??????? ????? ???, ?? ????? ???? ????? ????? ????? ?? ??? ??? ????? ????. ???? ??????? ???? ?? ??? ????? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ????? ?????. ??? ????, ?? ?????? ??? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ??????? ????? ????????.
?????? - ??? ??????? (800 ???? ? 1066)
[
????? ??? ????
|
?????
]
??? ?????? ?? ?????? ???? ?
??? ?-9
?? ??? ????
????? ?????
, ?? ?? ?? ?? ?????? ????? ????? ?
?????????
???? ????????' (Stourmouth) ????? (Kent), ??? ??? ??????? ??? ??? ??? ??. ??? ??????
???????
???? ???? ?? ??? ????
???????
(Athelstan), ???? ??????? ???? ????????? (Brunanburgh) ?-
937
??? ?-400 ?????.
?????? - ?????? ???????? ???? ??????? ?? 1485 - "???? ??????"
[
????? ??? ????
|
?????
]
???? ???? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ?
??????? ??????
????? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ??????. ?????? ?
???????
???? ?????? ??? ??? ????? ?-
1155
, ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????????? "???? ??????" (Cinque Ports). (???? ??????????? ????? ?? ??? ???????? ?? ?????? ????? ??? ???? ???? ??? ??????? ???????.)
?
??? ?'??
??? 500 ?????. ?????
???? ?-14
???? ??????? ?? ????
?????? ??????
712 ?????. ???? ??? ??? ??? ???????.
??? ???????
, ??? ????? ??, ????? ???? ?????? ???? ?-16, ?????? ?????? ??
???? ??????
. ???????, "???? ???? ? ???" (Henri Grace a Dieu, ????? ?? ??? Great Harry) ?"
??? ???
" (Mary Rose) ????? ???
??? ??????
?
??? ?????
(Solent) ?-1545. ?? ???? ?-1547 ??? ????? ????? ??? ?-58.
?-1588 ?????
???????? ???????
, ?????? ????? ????? ??????? ????? ???, ????? ???????.
?????? ???????
???? ??? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ?
???? ???????
??????? ????? ??? ?
????? ?????
??????? ???? ?? ??????. ?????? ?????? ???? ??? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ??????, ??? ????? ???? ???? ?
???????
?????? ???????? ????? ?????. ????? ?????? ??????? ??? ??????? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ??????. ??? ???-??, ?-1589, ???? ??? ?????? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ??????
??? ?????? ?? ????? ??????
. ?????? ?????? ??
?????? ???????
?????? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ???? ??? ??????? ???? ????????? ???????, ?? ?? ???? ???? ????? ????
??? ??????
????? ???? ???? ??????.
??? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ??????? ???? ?????? (??????), 1798.
??"? ????
(?????), ???? ??? ?? Owen Stanely, 1841
??? ????? ?
?????? ??? ??? ??????
?? ????
???? ?-17
?? ?????? ??????? ?? ??? ??????, ??? ???? ????
?'???? ??????
?
????? ???????
??? ?????? ?? ??? ????
???????
. ?? ??????? ?????? ????????? ?? ??? ????
???? ???
(General-at-Sea, ???? ?????? ?
??????
)
????? ?????
?????? ????? '????????' ??
?????? ???????
. ???? ??? ??????? ??? ???? ??? ?? ??? ?????, ???? ????? ???????? ?????? ?????????? ????-???????? ?? ???. ?? 1847 ?????? ????? ????? ?? ??? ????? ???
??????
???. ???? ??????? ????? ????? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ?? ?? ???? ????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ????????, ????? ???
?????? ????
.
??? ??????? ??? ????? ?
?????? ?????-??????
?????? ????????, ?? ?-1692 ??? 1940 ??? ??? ??????? ???? ????? ?????, ??-1805 ??? 1914 ?? ????? ?? ???? ???? ?? "??????? ?????? ?????". ????? ????? ?? ??? ??? ??????? ????? ????? ??? ????, ?
??? ?'????
(Chesapeake) ??? ??????? ?-1781, ???? ????? ????? ?? ?? ?????? ??? ???? ?
??? ??????
?-1805, ???? ?? ????? ??? ?? ????? ???? ??????? ??
??????
????
?????
????? ????? ????? ??? ????? ?? ???? ?????. ?? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ?????? ????? ???????? (Bantry Bay) ?
??????
, ?-1796, ???? ?? ??? ??? ?????? ??? ?? ??? ?????? ????????.
??????? ??????? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ??????? ?? ??? ?????? ????? ???????? ?????. ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????? ??? ???????, ????? ????? ???? ?? ???? ??? ??? ?????? ?? ?????? ????? ?????? ??
????? ????
?????? ?? ???????? ?? ?????. ??????? ????? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ???? ???? ?????, ????? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ??? ????. ??? ???? ???? ??????? ?? ??? ??????? ?????, ????? ???????, ????? ?? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ?????, ??? ???? ?? ???? ??
???????
??????. ?????? ???????? ?????? ????? ????? ???? ?? ??????? ??? ????? ?? ???? ???? ????? ????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ??? ????? ?? ????????? ????????. ?????? ??? ?????? ???? ???????? ????? ??????? ?? ???????? ???, ?????? ???
????? ??? ?????
(1763-1756) ?????? ???? ?-19, ???? ?????? ?? ??????? ??????, ???????? ???????? ??????.
?????? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ??????? ??? ?????? ?
???????????
????, ?????? ?????? ??????? ????? ??? ??????? ??? ?????? ???? ?? ??????? ??????? ?????? ???????. ???? ????? ????? ????? ?? ???? ??????? ???????? ???? ??????? ???, ?? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ??????? ???????. ???? ???, ???????? ???? ?
?????
??????? ?????? ?????? ???? ?????? ??? ??????? ??????? ?? ??? ??????, ???? ?????? ??? ???? ?? ??????? ?? ??? ???????.
??"? ??????
,
1906
.
??? ????????? ??????? ?? ??? ???????, ????? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????. ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????? ??? ????. ?????????? ?? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ??? ????? ??????, ?????? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ??? ????? ???, ??????? ??????? ??? ????? ????? ?????????. ?? ??? ???? ????? ?? ??? ??????? ?? ??? 1797, ???? ?????? ???? ?????? ???? (Spithead, Nore) ????? ????? ???????? ???? ?????? ????? ????. ?????? ???? ????? "????????? ????" ????-?????, ??? ??????? ???? ?? ?? ?? ??? ????? ???? ?? ???? ??????, ?? ???? ??????? ??????? ?? 29 ??????.
????? ??????? "????",
?????? ????
?? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????, 1982.
????? ???? ?-19 ??? ??? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??
??? ??????
???????
????????
. ????? ???? ?????? ???? ?????? ?? (?? ?? ????? ??????) ????? ????? ????? ????????????. ??? ??? ???? ???????? ????? ?????? ?? ?????????? ?? ??? ??? ???????. ??? ???? ?? ???, ?????? ??????? ??? ???, ????? ????? ??? ?? ????? ????? ?????. ???? ????? ?????? ??
?'???? ??????
???? ????? ?????? "
????
", ???????? ??????? ???? ?? ?????? ????? ??
??????? ?????????
?????.
????? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ?? ?? ???? ????? ?? ?????, ?????? ????? ?????, ??? ??? ???? ????? ??? (Articles of War) ????? ?????
?????
. ???? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ??????? ??
?????
???? ???, ???? ??? ??? ?????. ????? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ?-18 ??????? ???? ?-19, ?? ???? ????
??????? ???????????
, ???? ???? ?? ???? ????? ??? ??? ????. ????
1832
?????? ??? ?????
?????? ?????
?????? - "
??"? ??
".
???? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ?-19 ????? ????? ??? ??????? ?????? "
??????? ?????? ???????
" (Gunboat Diplomacy) ?? ???????. ????? ?????? ?????-????? ???????, ????? ???? ????, ????? ?????? ???? ??????? ???????? ?? ????????, ????? ??? ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ??????? ???? ?????????? ?? ????? ??????, ?? ?? ??? ?????? ???? ?????? ???? ????????? ??
?????? ???????
.
????
1901
?????? ??? ??????
?????
?????? - "
????? 1
". ??? ????? ??????? ????? ?? 5 ??????.
?-
1906
?????
?????? ?????? ??????? ??????
??????
,
??"? ??????
. ??"? ?????? ????? ????? ?? ???? ??? ???????, ?? ???? ??? ?
?? ????
??? ?????? ?????? ????? ???????? ?? ?? ???? ?????. ?????? ?? ??"? ?????? ??? ???? ??????? ????????: ????? ????? ?? "?????? ?????? ????", ?? ??? ????? ??????? ????? ?? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ?
????
????, ?????? ??????
??????? ?????
. ?????? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ??? ???? ????? ??????? ??????? ?? ?????, ??????? ?????
???? ?????
???
??????? ???????
????
???????? ???????
, ???? ??? ?
??????? ?????? ????? ???????
.
????
?????? ?????
???? ??? ??????? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ?????, ??????? ?????? ???? ???????? ?????????? ??????? ?? ????? ??????? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?
??? ?? ??????? ??????
?????
. ?
????? ????? ???????
???? ??? ???? ????? ?????:
???????
,
??????
,
??? ??????
,
??? ????? ????
,
????? ????????
?
??? ??????
. ??? ??????? ??? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ??????, ??????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???? ???? ??????,
??? ??????
?????? ?????. ???????? ????? ?? ??????? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ?????? ????????, ??? ??????? ?
???? ??????
, ???????,
??????
?
????????
.
???????? ????? 23
("Type 23 "Duke)
???????? ?????? ?????? ??
????? ?????
????
????? ????? ??????
?????? ???????? ??????? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ??? ???????. ???, ????? ??? ???? ??????? ???????????? ?? ??????? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ??? ?????. ????? ?????? ???? ??? ??????? ??
??? ???? ?????????
???????? ???, ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ???????? ?? ???????. ?????? ??????? ???? ??
?????? ????
???? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ???, ???? ??? ????
?????? ??????
?
????? ??? ??????
???? ??
???????
????? ?
??????
. ?????? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ??????
??????
????????? ?????
????????? ???????
.
????? ????? ????? ????? ??? ??????? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ??????? ?
????? ??????
???
????????
?-1982. ??? ???? ???? ????? ??? ??? ???????? ???????? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ?? ????, ?? ????? ?? ??? ????? ????? ???? ??? ????? 8000 ???? ???????. ?????? ????? ??????? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ???, ?????? ????? ?? ??? ?? ??? ???? ?????? ???? ??? ??????? ??????.
??? ??????? ????? ????? ???? ?? ?
????? ?????
, ?
???? ??????
??
????? ????????
. ?????
????? ?????
?-2003, ????? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ???? ?? ???, ???????? "???????" ?"?????????" ????? ????
???? ????
???? "
??????
" ???? ????? ????? ??????.
?????
??"? ?????
(D35)
????? ????
?? ??? ????? ???????
??"? ????? ??????
??????
??"? ????? ??? ?????
??????
???? ?????? ?? ???? ??????
??? ??? ???? ?????? ????,
???? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??? ?????? ???? ?? ??????? ???? ???????. ?????? ??? ????
??????? ?????? ????????? ????? ????????? ???????. ???, ????? ?????? ?????
?? ?? ???? ??? ??? ?????? ????? ?????? ???????????, ???? ???? ??? ?????? ??
??????? ?? ???? ?????. ???? ????? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ???, ??? ?????? ?????
????? ?????? ??????? (?
?? ????????
?????? ?
?????? ??????????
??
??????
, ?????
????? ????
??
???? ?????
). ?????? ?? ???? ?????
?????? ????? ????????, ??????? ???? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ???????
??????? ?? ???????? ???? ?-21, ?? ?????? ???? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????
????????? ??????? ??? ?????? ????? ???? ?? ??????.
???? 2015, ?? ?
??????
??? ?????? ?????? ???? ???? ???, ??? ??? ??????:
- ???? ????? ?? ??????? ???? ???????, ???? ???? ?????, ????? ??????? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ????? ???????? ??
????? ????????
.
- ????? ?? ?-2,000 ??????.
?
??????
2021
????? ????
???? ????? ???.
??? ??????? ???? ???? ??????? ???? ????? ?????, ???? ???? ??????-???.
- ????? ?????? ?? ??? - ??????? ??"? "?????????" (Westminster), ????? ???? ??? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???? ????? ?????.
- ????? ?????? ?????? "??????" (Sandown).
- ????? ???? ?????? "????" (River) ????? ?? ???? ????.
- ????? ??? - ?????? ??"? "?????????" (Nottingham), ???? ???? ?????? ???? ??
???? ???"?
.
?????? ????? ???????? ???????? ????? ???????
- ??? ????? ??????? (????), ????? ?????? ????? ??????? ???.
- ??? ????? ??????? (????) - ?????? ??"? "???????" (Liverpool).
- ????? ???? ????? ??? ?????? - ??"? "??????? ???" (Dumbarton Castle).
- ????? ???? ?????-??? - ??"? "?????????" (Endurance).
- ??? ????? ????? ????? ????? (Armilla Patrol) - ??????? ??"? "????? ?????" (St Albans) ?????? ???????? ??"? "?????'??" (Diligence).
- ??? ?????? ????? ????? ?
????????? ????
- ????? ????? ??????? ??"? "???????" (Bulwark), ??????? ??"? "??????" (Lancaster), ????? ??? ??-??????? ??"? "?????????" (Enterprise), ????? ???? ?? ???: ????? ??????? ???? "??????????" (Illustrious), ?????? ??"? "??????" (Gloucester).
?????? ??? ??????? ?? "The Mob" ("???????"), "The Andrew" (???? ?"? ????? ??????, ????? ?????? ????????) ?-"The Senior Service" ("?????? ?????"). ?????? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ??? Jack ??? Jacktar ??? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ???????. ??????? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ?? "Limey". ???? ??? ??? ???????? ???????? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????? "Matelots" ("???" ???????) ?? ????? ???? "skates" ("????????"). ?
?????
?? ??? ?????? ????? ???? "Bootnecks" ?? ???? "?????" (Royal).
??? ??????? ???? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?? ??? "Royal Navy". ???? ??
??? ????? ??????
??????? ?? ?? ?????, ???? "
??? ??????? ????????
". ???, ???? ???? ?????, ???
??? ??????? ???????
(Koninklijke Marine), ??? ?? ?? ?????? ???? "??? ???????" ????? ??.
- ??? ????? ?
?? ??? ??? ?? ??? ???????
???? ??
????? ??? ??? ?? ??? ???????
????? ???????
??"?
(HMS), ???????? "
?????? ??? ??????
" ?? "????? ??? ??????" (Her Majesty's Ship, His Majesty's Ship). ?? ?????? ?????? ?? ??????? HMS, ??? ????? S ??? ????? ?? Submarine. ?????
???? ?? ???
, ???????? ???? ??? ?? ??? ????? ??????, ?? ????? ??????? RFA (??"?), ???? ????? ?? Royal Fleet Auxiliary. ???? ?? ????? ??????? ???? ?? ???? ????? (pennant number).
| ???
|
???
|
????
|
??? ????
|
?????
|
| ??"? ????? ?????? (R08)
|
?????-??????
|
2
|
2017
|
?????? ?????? ???? ?????? ?????? ????
?????? ????? F-35 ???????? II
?
??????
. ??"? ????? ?????? ???? ?????
????? ????
?? ???.
|
| Ocean
|
?????-????? ???????
|
1
|
1995
|
???????? ?????? ?????, ????? ??????, ????? ?? 18 ?????? ?-4 ?????.
|
| Albion
|
????? ????? (LPD)
|
2
|
2001
|
????? ?????? ???????, ?????? ???? 4 ????? ??? 325 ??????.
|
| ??????? ????? 45
("Type 45 "Daring)
|
?????
|
6
|
2006-2010
|
?????? ????? ??????, ?????? ????? ???? ??????? "??? ??",
15 ???? ???? (2?30 ??????? ????)
?- 30 ???? ???? (3?120 ??????? ????)
|
| ??????? ????? 42
("Type 42 "Sheffield)
|
?????
|
8
|
1978-1982
|
?????? ????? ??????, ?????? ???? ?"? ???? Sea Dart. ?? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????? 45.
|
| ???????? ????? 23
("Type 23 "Duke)
|
??????
|
10
|
1989-2000
|
?????? ??? ??????/??-???????. ????? ???? Harpoon ??? ????? ??? ????? Sea Wolf ????? ???????. ?????? ???? ???? ???? Lynx (????? ????? Sea Skua, ??????? Stingray ?? ????? ????) ?? ???? Merlin Mk 1.
|
| ???????? ????? 22
("Type 22 "Broadsword)
|
??????
|
4
|
1985-1988
|
????? ???? Harpoon ??? ????? ????? Sea Wolf ????? ???????. ?????? ???? ??? ?????? ???? Lynx (??????? ????? Sea Skua, ??????? Stingray ?? ????? ????).
|
| Endurance
|
????? ???? ?
??????????
|
1
|
1990
|
????? ????
?????-???
?????? ???????????.
|
| ??????? ????? ???????
|
???"? (SSBN)
|
4
|
1992-1998
|
?????? ???????? ?????? ?
????? ????????
, ?????? ???? Trident, ????? ?? ??? ?????? ???????? ?? ???????.
|
| ??????? ????? ??????
|
????? ??????? (SSN)
|
5
|
2010-????
|
????? ?????? ????????, ?????? ??????? ?
???? ????
BGM-109 ??????
.
|
| Swiftshure
|
?????
|
2
|
1974-1976
|
????? ?????? ????????, ???????
???????
????? ???? ??????.
|
| ??????? ????? ??????
|
?????
|
1
|
1981-1991
|
????? ?????? ????????, ??????? ??????? ????? ???? ??????.
|
| Hunt
|
????? ???
??????
|
8
|
1978-1988
|
??? ??? ?????? ??? ?????? (MCMV) ?? ?????? ???? ???? ???.
|
| Sandown
|
????? ??????
|
8
|
1988-2001
|
????? ?????? ??-???????.
|
| Scott
|
????? ???
|
1
|
1996
|
????? ??? ????????? ????????.
|
| Roebuck
|
????? ???
|
1
|
1986
|
????? ??? ????????? ????? ??????.
|
| Echo
|
????? ???
|
2
|
2002
|
????? ??? ????????? ??-????????.
|
| Castle, River, Archer, Scimitar
|
????? ????
|
22
|
1970s-2000s
|
????? ???? ???????? ????? ????? ?????? ??????.
|
???? ??? ??????? ?????????'
, ??? ?????? ?????? ??? ????????.
??? ??????? ???? ???? ?????????? ????????, ????? ??? ???????, ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? (Lord High Admiral), ??? ????
?'???? ??????
(????
????? ??????
?? ?????? ???????? ?? ?????? ???????). ???? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ??. ????? ???? ???? ??? ?? ??? ????? ??????
????? ?????? ?? ??????????
(?? ???). ?-1964 ?????? ?????? ?????????? ?
???? ?????
??????? ????? (Defence Council), ?????? ???????? (?????) "????? ?????? ??????" ????? ????.
????? ??????????
(Admiralty Board) ?????? ?????? ????? ?? ???, ????? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ?????? ??? ???.
????? ???
(Navy Board) ????? ?????? ????? ??????? ?? ???, ?????? ????
????? ???? ??????
(First Sea Lord), ????? ?? ????? "??? ??? ???".
?????? ????? ?? ??? ??????? ??? ?-
Heart of Oak
.
- ??? ????? ?
??? ?????? ???????
??? ????? ??????
??? ?????? ??????? (?
??????
: Royal Marines) ???
??? ?????
, ?????
??? ?????
?? ?????, ?????? ?
????? ???????
, ??? ?????? ??? ?? ???, ?
??? ??????
. ????? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ??????? ???? ??????? "
?????? ????
" (Naval Service), ????? ?? ??
??? ???????
(Royal Navy), ?? ?????? ??? ??????? (Royal Naval Reserve) ????. ???, ?????? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ??? "??? ???????". ?? ??, ?? ?? ??????? ????? ??? ?? ???? ???? - ???? - ???? ?????? ??? ??? ?? ??? ???????, ????? ?? ???? ??? ???? ??????. ????? ???? ?????? ?????
?????
?????
, ????? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ??????, ?? ?????? ????? ???? ?
?????? ??????
.