???? ??????? ?????? (? ?????? : Koniglich Preußische Armee ) ??? ???? ?? ????? ?????? , ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? . ????? ???? ????? ??????????, ??? ???? ?? ?????? ??? ??????? ?????. ???? ?????? ??? ??? ????? ? ??? ??? ??????, ?????? ??????? ???? ????? ????? ????? ????? ? ??? ?-18 ? ?-19 . ???? ??????, ????? ??? 1807 , ??? ???-??? ???? ???? ??? ????? ???? ????, ??? ?????? ??? ???????? ?? ????? ????? ???? ??? ??? ???? ^[1] . ???? ????? ??????? ??? ?????'?? ??? ?? "???? ??? ?????? ?? "?????? ??????? ??????? ??? ?? ??????? ?????? ?? ??????????? ????????" ^[2] .

???? ???? ?? ??? ??????? ?????? ??????, ????? ????? ?????????? . ????? ????? ?????? ????? , ???? ????? ??????? ????? ?? ??????? ?????? ??????, ??? ??????? ? ??????? ????? ??? ???? ????? ??????, ????? ????? ????, ??????? ??????? ????? ????? ?????? . ?? ??????? ???????????? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ??? ??????, ?? ???? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ??? ???????? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ???????? ??????? ?? ??? ????????? ?????-?????? ?????? . ?? ???, ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ???? ?-19 , ??? ???? ?????? ? ?????? . ???? ????? ??????? ?? ??? ???? ????? ????? ??? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ?? ????, ?????? ?? ?????????? ?????? ???? ?????. ?- 1871 ??? ???? ?????? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ??? ??????? ??????? , ?????? ???? ????? ?? ??????? ??????? ???????.

???? ???? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

????? ????? ?????? ????, ????? ???? ???????, ????? ??????? ?????? ??????, ????? ????? ?????????? , ????? ??? ?????? ???????? . ???? ?????? ?????? ? ???????? ?????? ?????? ???? ? ????????? ????? ????? ????? ?- 1644 ????? ??? ??? ?? ??? ???? ?? ??????. ????, ???? ???? ????, ??? 5,000 ????? ????? ?-500 ???????? . ?- 1646 ????? ? ??? ????? ??? 3,000 ??????, ??? ??? ?????? ???????????. ???? ????? ????? ???????? ?? ??????? ???? ?? ?????, ????? ????? (Francois-Michel le Tellier, Marquis de Louvois), ?? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ???, ??? ???? . ???? ???? ?? ????? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ???????????? ????????? ????? ???? ???????? .

?????? ?????? ?????, ?? ???? ???? ?? ?????. ???? ??????? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ??? ??? ????, ????? ??? ?????? ?????? (? ??????? ) ????? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ??????, ?? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ????. ??????? ?????? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ????. ????? ?? ???? , ????, ??? ????? . ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ??? ??????. ??????? ????? ??? ???? ????? ??????? ??? ?????? ????? ????? ?????, ?? ?????? ????? ????? ??? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ???? ?? ???????. ???? ???? ??? ??? 1651 ??? 1668 ???? ??????? ??? ???? (Otto Christoph von Sparr), ?????? ?? ???? ???????? ?????? ???? ???? . ???? ?? ?????? ????? ???? ??????????? ???? ??????????, ?????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????????? ???????, ???? ?? ??? ??? ???? ????? ???????. ?- 1657 ?????? ????????? ?? ?????? ?????? .

????? ???? ?-70 ?? ???? ?-17 ??? ??? ????????? ?? ??????? ???? ?????? ??????? ????? ?? ??????? ?????? ?????? "?????" (Der Große Kurfurst) ?? ????? ???????? . ???? ???? ?? ??????? ?????? ( 1688 ) ??? ???? ??? 15,000 ?-30,000 ?????? ???? ????? ?-15,000 ?????. ???, ??????? ??????, ??? ??????? ????? ?? ???? ? ??? .

??????? ?????? ??????, "???? ?????" [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

?????? ??? ?????? ???? ???? ?? ??? ?? ??????? ??????, ??????? ?????? ?????? "????-?????" (der Soldatenkonig). ????? ???? ???? ????? ????, ???? ?????? ???????? ????? ???? ??????? ?????? ????, ?????? ???????? ???????? ? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ???????. ?????? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ??????? ????? ??????? ??????? ?? ????.

?????? ???? ??? ?????? ?????? ????? ??????. ?????? ????? ????? ????? ??? ????? ????? ????? ?????. ???? ????? ??? ???? ???? ??? ??? ????? ?? ????? ??????, ????? ???? ?????? ?? ??????. ?????? ???? ?? ?? ?????? ???????? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ????, ???????, ???? ??? ??? ???? ?? ?????. ?????? ???????? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ????? ?? ???????? ?????? (????? ???? ??????, ????, ???? ???? ??? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ??????, ?????, ????? ?????? ???). ?? ????? ??? ??????? ??????? ?????, ??? ??????? ?????? ??????, ????? ?????? ??????) ^[3] .

????? ???? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

??? ?????? ????? ?-55 ????????? ??? 150 ????? ?? ???. ??? ?????? ??? ???? ??????? ????? ?? ????.

??? ?????? ??? 50 ?????? ?-25 ???????? ???? ????? ???????? .

?????? ??? ???? ????? ????, ??????? ?? ????? ??????? ??????? ????? ?????? ??? ?????? " ???? ??????? ".

??? ??????, ????? ???????, ???? ??????? ??????, ????? ?????? ????? ??????? ??? ??????? ??????. ?????? ????? ? ??????? -??????????, ???? ??? ????? ????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ^[4] ????? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ???. ??? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ????? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ???????. ????, ?????? ???? ???-????? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ?????-???? ?? ????? ???? ????? ????-???? ???? ?"???? ???????". ?????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ????, ?? ??? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?"????? ?????" ?????? ??????? ??????? ????. ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ???????? ^[4] . ????? ???? ????? ??? ? ???? ??? ? ??????? ???? ????? ????? ????. ??? ????? (?? ????? ???? ?????? ???? ?????) ??? ?? ???? ??? ??? ???? ??????? ??? ????? ?????? ??????????? ?? ???? ???? ??.

?????? ??? ?????? ?? ??????? ?????? ( 1713 ) ??? ???? 45,000 ??????, ????? ?????? ( 1740 ) ????? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ???????, ???? ???? ?????????? ??? ?-13 ?????? ????? (2.5 ?????? ???) ^[3] . ????? ???? ??? 5 ?????? ???? ???? ????? ????? ?? 7 ?????? ????.

?? ??? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ???????? ??????.

??????? ???? "?????" [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

???? ?????? ?? ??????? ????, ??? ?????? ?????? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ?????? ???? ????, ???????? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ???????? ????? ???? 10,000 ?????? ??????. ?? ????? ???? 16 ?????? ?????? ????????? ?? ??????? . ?? ????? ??????? , ????? ??????? ?? ?????? ?????. ?- 1740 ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????, ??? ?? ???? .

??????? 1743 ??? ??????? ?? "????? ????? ??????" (Herbstubung), ????? ???? ???? ?? ???? ???? ???? ??????? ?????, ??????? ?????? ????? ??????. ?????? ??? ?????? ????? ???? ??????. ??????? ????? ??? ???? ????? ???? ????? ???? ??????. ???? ??????? ?????? ??? ?? ???? ??????? ??????? , ???? ?????? ??? ?????? ???? ??????? , ??????? ???? ?? ????? ????? .

????? ??? ????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

??? ????? ? ????? ??? ?????

?- 1756 ?????? ???????? ????? ?? ??????? , ????? ? ???? ??? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ??? ????? . ???? ?????? ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??? ??? ??? ???? ?????. ????, ?- 12 ??????? 1759 ?????? ????. ?? ?? ????? ?????? ?????-?????? ??? ?? ???? ?????? ? ??? ????????? (Kunersdorf) ?????? ???????? ?? 18,000 ?????? ??????? ??? ????? ???? ???? ??????, ????? , ?? ???? ?????? ????????? ?? ?????, ??? ????? ???? ??????? ??????? ???? ???? ???? ??????, ??????? ?????? ???? ????. ????? ?? ??? ??????? " ??? ?? ??? ????????? ". ?????? 1761 ?????? "??? ????", ?????? ?? ????? ?? ?????? ??? ???? ?? ???????, ?????? ????? . ?????? ???? ?? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?? ?? ????? . ??? ????? ?????? ?? ??????, ????? ?????? ????, ???? ??????? ????? ????? ??????, ???? ???, ?????? ??? ????? ???????.

???? ???? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

?????? ?????, ????? ???? ?? ???? ?? ?????? ??????, ????? ??????? ???? ??? ????? ?? ????, ?? ??? ????? ?? ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???? ??????? ????? ?????. ?- 1776 ??? ???? ?????? 187,000 ??????, 90,000 ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????? ????????. ???? ???? ????? ??????? ????? ????? ???? ???? ??????, ???? ??????? ??????? ????? ??????. ????? ????? ??? ?????, ??????? ??????? ????? ?? ???? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ??????. ???? ???? ?? ???????, ??? ???? 193,000 ?????? ???? ??? ???? ???????? ??????. ??? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ???????, ??? ????? ??????? ????? ?? ???? ???????? ????? ?? ???????. ?- 1788 ???? ??????? ?????? ?????? ????? ??????? ????? ????? ??? ?? ??? ??? "??? ??? ?? ?????" ^[5] .

??????? ??????????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

?? ??????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

??? ?? ??????? ?????, ??????? ?????? ????, ??? ?????? , ?? ???? ????? ????. ???? ???? ?? ??? ??????, ????? ??????? ??????? , ?????? ???? ?? ?????. ?????? ??? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ? ??? ???????? ???? ??????. ???? ?? ??????? ?????? ???? ?- 1797 ????? ?? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ??? ??? ???? ????-???? ??????. ???, ??????? ?????? ??????, ??? ?????? , ??? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ????, ????? ? ???????? ?????-?????? ??????? ?????? ????? ?? ???????? . ?- 14 ???????? 1806 ???? ???? ?????? ? ??? ???-???????? , ??? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ?? ??? ??????? ?? ???????? ??????? ? ???? ?????? .

??????? 1807 [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

????? ?????? ????? ???? ???????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????. ?? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????, ???? ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ????? ??? ???????? ? ?????? ???????? ??? ???????? , ????? ?????? ??? ???? ??????? ???? ?????? ????????? ????? ???? ??? ???????? . ?????? ????? ??? ??????? ??? ????? ?? ????? ?? ??? ???? ???? ?? ????. ?? ????? ???? ??????, ??? ? ????? ????? ??? ????? , ?????. ????? ?????? ????? ???? ???? ??????? (???? ??? ???? ?? ?? ??? ??????? ????????????, ??? ??????? ??????), ????? ??? ?????? ???????? ?????, ????? ??????? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ??????? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ??????? (??? ?? ???? ????? ????? ?????) ??????? ???? ????? ????? ????? ??? ?????? ?????? ^[1] . ??????? ?????? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ??????? ?? ?????? ??????????. ???? 1810 ????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??????? (Preußische Kriegsakademie) ???? ??? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ??????? ???????? ????????? ?? ????? ????? . ???? 1813 ???? ? ?????? ?? ?? ???? ???, ??? ??? ?????? ???????. ?- 1814 ????? ???? ???? ????? ?? ????. ?????, ????? ????? ???? ????? ?? ??? ?? ?????? ?????? ??? ?? ????.

?????? ???? ?? ???-???? ???????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

????? ???????? ?????? ???????? ???? ?? ????? ???? ? ????????? ??????, ????? ???-???? ??? ??????? ( ?????? ??????? , ?????? ??????? , ????? ????? , ????? ????? , ????????? ? ??????? ) ???? ?? ?????? ???? 7?8 ????? ??"? ?-12 ???????? ?????. ??? ??????? ????? ?? ???? ??????? ???? ??? ???????. ???????? ???????? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? , ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ???? ?? ??.

??? ???????? ????, ????? ???? ????, ??? ????? ???? ?????, ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ??????. ??? ?? ???? "??????" (Landwehr) ???? ????? ?? ???? ???? ????? ???? ????? ?? ???????. ??????? ????? ??? 23?40 ???? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ???????????, ??? ?????? ?????? ????? ^[6] . ?? ??? ???? ??? ?? ??? ????? ????? ????? ???? ????? ?? ??????? . ?????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ??? ????? (Krumpersystem), ?? ??? ????? ???? ??? ????? ????, ????? ??? ??? ?? ????? ???? ????? ???? ???? ??????? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ??????. ???? ?? ?? ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ?????, ?? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ???????, ?????? ????? ???? ????-????? ?????? ?? ???? ?? ??. ?? ??????? ??????? ??????? ????? ???? 20, ???? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ????. ???? ??? ??? ?????? ??????? ??????? ????? ??????, ???? ????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ???? ?????, ????? ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ???? ???. ???? ??? ???? ?????? ??? ?? ???? ????-??? ??? ???? ???????? (Landsturm). ???? ????? ?? ???? ??????? ???? ????? ???? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ^[1] .

???? ?????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

? ???????? ????? ????????, ?????? ???????? ????? "???? ?????, ????? ??????". ???????? ??? ????? ???? ????? ? ????????? ????? ????? ????? ???? ???? ??? ????? ???? ????? ????? ?? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ??????? ??????? ??????. ???? ?? ???????? "?? ??????" (Vom Kriege) ??? ???? ???? ?????? ??????. ???????, ?????? ??????? ???? ?????? ????? ?? ??? ? ????? ?? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??? (Volk), ???? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ?? ?? ???? ????? ????? ^[7] .

?? ????????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

??? ???? ???? 1812 ????? 20,840 ?????? ??? ?? ???????? ?? ???? ?????? ?????? ?" ???? ???? ", ???? ?? ????????. ???? ?? ?????? ?? ???????? ?????? ???? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ??????, ??? ?? ????? ???????? ?????? ????????? ?????-?????? ?????? , ??? ????????.

?? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????? ??????? ??????????? ????????, ???? ???? ?????? (???? ?? ????? ? ???????? ?????? ????????) ????? ?????? ?" ???? ??????? ", ??? ?????? ????? ???????? ? ???????????? . ????? ????? ??????? ??? ??????? ???? ?????? ??????? ???-??? ??????? ??????? ????? ??? ???????. ????? ??? ?????? ?????? ???? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??? ???? ??????.

????? 1813 ???? ???? ???? ?? 113,300 ????? (???? ?-4,000 ???????), 19,240 ????? ??-17,000 ???? ????? ?????????. ??????? ???? ??? ???? ???? ????? ?? ????? ?-224,230 ????? (???? 109,120 ????? ?????? ?-11,150 ??????? ?????), 30,775 ????? (???? 10,950 ????? ?????? ?-3,060 ??????? ?????), ???? ????????? ??????? ????? ????? ^[6] .

??? ????????? ??????? ?? ??? ?????? ????, ????? ?? ???? ????????? ?? ????????, ?????? ? ??? ??????? (??? ?- 16 ?- 19 ???????? 1813 ) ??? ??? ???? ?????? ??????? ?? ????? ?????????. ???? ?????? ????? ?? ???????? ? ??? ?????? ( 18 ????? 1815 ) ???? 38,000 ????? ??"? ?-62 ?????? ?-7,000 ????? ?-61 ?????????, ????? 134 ??????, ??? ???? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ^[6] , ??? ????? ??????? ?? ???????? (??? ?-1813).

?- 1813 ??? ??? ?????? ?????? ??????? ????????? ?? ????? " ??? ????? ".

???? ??????? ??????????? ??? 1871 [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

?- 1829 ??? ????, ???? ?-Landwehr, ‏165,000 ?????? ??????, ????? 17,908 ?????? ??? ??? , 19,132 ?????, 15,718 ????????? ?-104,712 ?????. ??? ???????? ??? 359,248 ???, 179,624 ???? ????? ?-179,624 ???? ???. ?? ?? ??? ???? 524,248 ??? ^[1] .

????? ???? ?-30 ??-40 ?? ???? ?-19 ?????? ?????? ??????? ???? ?? ??? ???? ????? ????????? ? ???????? , ??? ???????? ???????? ?????? ????, ????? ???? ?? ?????? ???? ??????, ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ????. ????? ????? 1848 ???? ??????? ?????? ??????, ??? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????????, ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ? ?'??????? , ???? ???? ??? ????-?????? ????? ????? ???? ???? ?? ???????.

???? 1848 ?????, ???????, ???? ?????? ??????. ???? ????? ?" ???? ????????? " ????? ?? ??? ????, ??? ? ?????? . ??? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ??? ?? ??????. ???? ????? ????? ???? ????? ????? ??????? ?-1% ?? ?????????? ???? 225 ???? ????. ????? ?? ?????, ??? ???? ?? ?????? ????? ??????? ????? ???? ?????? ???????, ?? ????? ???? ???? ?? ??? ????? ????? ????? ????? ?? ???? ???? ??????? ???? ?????? ^[4] .

?????? ?????? ??? ???? ?????? ?- 1861 . ?????, ?????? ???? ?? ???? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ???? ??? ????????. ??? ???? ???? ?? ???? ?? ?? ??? ????? ????? ??? ????? ???????-??????? . ???? ?? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ??? ??? ?????. ??? ???? ????? ?? ???? ????-??? ?????? ??????? ?? ???? ?? ???? ???? ?? ?? ??? ??????? ?????. ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ? ??? ????????? ????? ???? ? ??????? . ?? ?? ???????? ??? ????? ???????? ???????, ????? ??? ?????? ???? ??????? ?? ?????? ??????? ????? ????. ?? ????? ?? ??????? ????? ??? ??? ???? ????? ?? ????, ????? ????? ??? ?????? ???? , ????? ?????? ????? 1857 ? 1888 . ??? ?????? ???? 1862 , ??? ????? ???? ??????? ?????? ???????, ??? ???? ??? ?????? . ????? ???? ???? ????? ??? ??????-??? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ??????.

???? ????, ??? ?????? ?? ??????, ??? ??????? ??? ??? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ????? ?????. ??? ?? ????? ?? ???? ?????, ????? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ????-?????. ??? ?? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ?? ???? ? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ??????. ?????? ???????? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ?? ????? ????? ????????, ????? ?????? ????? ????? ??????? ??? ??????? ?? ??? ??? ?????? ??? ??? ?????. ??? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ???? ??? ????? ??? ????? ???? ??? ?????, ???? ????? ? ???????? ????? ??????? ?????? ? ????????? . ??? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ????? , ?? ??? ????? ?? ???? ??????? ?? ?? ??????? ??? ??? ?? ??????? ????? ???? ????? ?? ??? ???????? ??????, ?? ?????, ?? ????? ???? ???. ?????? ????? ??????? ???? ?????? ??????, ??? ???? ?? ?????? ????? ? ???? ?????? ????? ? ????????? , ??? ????? ? ????? ? ????? ?????? ??????. ???? ???? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ??????. ???? 1870 , ?? ?? ? ???????? ?????? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????, ????? ???? ?????? ????? ??????? ?????? ????? ???? ??????? ??? ??? ?????? ?????. ???? ???, ???? ?????????? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ???????? ?????-????. ?????? ??? ?? ???? ??????? ??????? ????, ???? ?????, ??? ????? ?? 1870, ??? ???? ??? ^[8] . ??? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ????? ???????? ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ???? ??????? ?? ????? ? ????????? , ? ???????? ???????? ?????? ????.

?- 1864 ?????? ?????? ?? ???????-???????? ?????? ?????? ????? . ?????? ????? ???? ??????? ( 1866 ) ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ??????. ?????? ????? ??????????? ?- 1870 , ????? ??????, ??? ?? ??? ??????? ????????, ?? ????, ?????? ?????? ?????? ????? ???. ??????? ??? ????? ? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?????? 1871 . ?? ???? ??????? ??? ???? ?????? ???? ?????? ????? ???? ??? ??????? ??????? .

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• THE PRUSSIAN MODEL and Military Planning Today
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