????? ??????? ?
??????
.
??????? ?? ????
(?
??????
:
Parliament of Canada
, ?
??????
:
Parlement du Canada
) ???
????? ???????
??
????
. ??????? ????? ????? ??????? ?? ??????, ?
??????
??
??????????
???????
.
????? ????? 17 ??
??? ?????, 1867
, ??????? ????? ?????:
?????? ??????
,
???? ?????? (?????)
?
??? ???????
.
???? ???? ????, ???
??? ???????
, ???? ???? ???? ?????, ????? ????
????? ????? ?? ????
.
105 ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ????
??? ????? ????
. 308 ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ?
??????
??????, ???? ?? ??? ??????? ????? ?? ??? ?
?????? ??????
?? ????.
??????
????? ??????? ???????????
, ????? ?-
1754
?? ??? ?????? ??????? ????? ?????? ??? ?
??????
??
??????
, ?????? ??????? ????? ?? ?????? ????????, ??-
1760
????? ????? ???????? ?
??????
?
?????? ????
?
?????????
.
????
????? ??? ?????
, ?????? ??????? ??????????? ????? ????? ????? ????? ???????? ???, ?????? ??????? ????? ?? ?????? ?
???? ????????
?????? ?? ?????? ?????????? ????? ?????? ?????
???????
. ????? ??? ????? ??????
???? ????
. ?????? ????? ?????
?????? ???????? ?? 1763
??? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ?????? ????? (????? ????? ?? ?????????? ?????? ?? ?????). ????
1774
????
??? ??????
??? ????? ????? ???????? ?? ???? ????? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ??????.
????
1791
????? ?????????? ???????????
???? ???????
(?????
???????
) ?
???? ???????
(?????? ?? ?????), ???? ??? ??? ????? ???? ?????? (Legislative Assembly), ?????? ????? ?????? (Legislative Council).
????
1841
???? ?
?????? ??????
??? ????? ?? ???? ??????? ????? ??????? ?????? ??? ??????
?????????? ????
, ??? ??? ??????? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ?????, ?????? ?????? ?????. ????? ??? 84 ????? (42 ??? ????????? ? ?? ?????? ??????? ??? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ???????). ????
1848
???? ??????????? ???? ????? ????? ??????? ????, ????? ?????? ??
????? ?????? ???????
?? ????? ????? ?????.
????? ??????? ??????????, ???? ?????? ?????? ??
??? ?????
1841
?
1843
????? ??????? ?
??? ?????? ????? ????????
?
????????
??
???????
, ????? 1843 ??? ??????? ?
?????????
?? ?????? ?????? ????
1849
, ?????? ?????? ????? ???? ???? ??????? ??????? ??? ??????? ???????? ?????????. ??? ????? 1849?
1857
????? ??????? ??????? ?
???????
??
?????? ????
, ?????
1857
??? ??????? ?
??????
.
????
1867
????
??? ???? ?????? ???????
????? ?? ?????????? ????
???????
,
???? ??????
,
??? ????????
?
??????
??????? ??? ?????? "????????? ?? ????". ??? ?? ???? ?? ?????? ???? ??????? ??????? ??????? ??????. ????? ???? ??????? ????? ?????: ??????, ????? ???? ???????. ???? ???? ??? ???? ????? ?
????? ??????? ?????????
???????? ???? ???, ????? ???? ????? ???? ????? ????????? ?? ??? ????? ??? ???? ??? ??
????? ???????
????? ?????? ??????, ??? ??????????? ?????? (??? ???????? ??????? ?
?????? ????? ?????
???? ?????? ???? ??????? ???????
?????
?????? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ???????). ??? ????
?????? ???????
????? ??????? ???? ??????? ????, ???? ????? ???? ??? ??????? ?????? (??? ?? ??????? ????? ?? ??? ???? ????? ?? ??? ?? ??????? ??????), ??? ????? ??????? ?????? ????? ?? ??????? ???? ?? ????.
??????
??? ????????? 1931
????? ????????? ??? ???? ?????, ????? ??????? ????? ???? ?? ????? ????? ???????, ???? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ?????? ??????? (??????? ???? ? ????? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ??????? ??????). ?? ???, ??????? ?????? ?? ??? ?? ???? ?? ??????? ?????, ????? ?????? ??????? ?
???? ????
, ????? ??????? ?????? ??? ???????? (??? ???? ????
1949
).
?????? ?????? ????? ??????? ????? ???????? ?????? ???? ??? ?????? ????? ????
1982
, ????????? ????
??? ???? 1982
??? ????? ??????? ????? ??????? ????? ??
????? ??????
???? ????? ?? ???????? ??????.
???? ??????? ????? ?????? ?? ?????
????? ?????
,
??? ??????? ?????
, ??? ????? ??? ??????? ?? ??? ?????? ?
?????????? ????
?????? ?? ??? ??????????, ???? ???? ??????? ??????? ?? ????? ?? ??????????? (???? ??????? ??????? ?????
??? ??????
, ???????
????? ????? ?? ????
, ????? ????? ?? ?
??????
??
??????
?????? ?????????? ??
??? ????? ?????? ?? ????
, ??? ??????? ????? ????? ????? ????).
?'???? ??????
,
??? ????
.
????
????? ?????
? ????? ??????
??? ???????
???? ?? ????? ????
????
.
????
???? ??????
????? ??????
??? ??????? ??????
, ???? ?? ????? ????
????
.
??????? ????? ????? ?????? ?????: ?????? (??? ??????), ?????, ????? ?????? (??? ???????).
??? ????? ?
?????? ??????
???? ?????? ????? ????
??? ?????? ?????
??? ????
?'???? ??????
. ?????? ??? ??? ?????? ?????? ???????? ?? ???????, ?????? ?????? ?
?????? ??????
?????? ?? ?????? ????? ?? ??? ????? ??? ????? ????? ?? ??? ??????? ???? (????? ????? ?
????
??
???? ????? ?????
?? ??? ????? ?
????? ?????
, ?? ?????? ?????? ????? ???? ??, ?????? ?????? ?????). ??????? ?? ??????, ???? ?? ?????
????? ????? ?? ????
, ?????? ?? ??? ?????? ????? ??
??? ????? ????
(????, ????? ??????
??? ??????
). ?????, ??? ?? ?????? ??????, ????? ????? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ???????. ??????? ?? ?????? (???????? ? ????? ?????), ??? ????, ???? ?? ??????? ?? ?????, ??? ????? ?? ???? ???????.
- ??? ????? ?
????? ?????
?? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ????? ?? ????, ?? ?? ???? ?? ??? ????? ????. ?? ??? ??????? ???????, ????? ???? ????? ????? ???? 30, ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ?? ????? 4,000
?????? ??????
. ??????? ???? ????? ??? ????, ?? ??????? ?
?????????
????? ??? ?????. ???? ????? ?????? ?? ??????? ????? ??? ????? ???, ?????????? ????? ??? ??? ?????. ????
1965
???? ????, ?????????? ?????? ???? 75. ????????? ?????? ?? ????? ?? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????.
????? 105 ?????. ?? ?? ?????, ???? ?????? ?????? ??????, ???? ??? ??? ??? ???? ???? ?? ????? ????? (24 ?????):
??? ?? ???????????
??????????? ???????
, ????? ????? ??? ????, 6 ????????.
?? ???????? ????
????????? ????
(
?????????? ????? ???????
,
?????
?
??????
) ????? ?????? ??? ?????.
????? ????? ?? ???? ????, ?????? ??????, ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ????, ????? ????? ?????? ??? ??? ?????? ??????? ???? ???? (???? ???? ?????? ???????? ????? ??????? ??? ????? ?????, ????????? ??? ????? ?????).
???? ?????? ????? ????? ?? ??? ???, ????
1990
?????? ??
??? ????? ????
,
????? ???????
, ?? ??? ?????? ????? ??? ????? ?? ??? ?? ???????.
- ??? ????? ?
??? ??????? ?????
????
???? ?????? ?? ????
?????? ??????? ??????. ?? ??? ?????
???? ?????
??? ?? ??? ???? ?
?????? ????? ???????
. ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????
?????
????, ??? ????? ?-18. ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??? ???????? ?? ?? ?????? ?? ???????. ??? ????? ?? ????? ????? ??????.
???? ????
???? ????? ?? ???? ???? ??? ???????, ?????? ???? ??? 10 ???? ??????
???? ????????
?????. ???? ?????? ????? 282 ?????, ???? ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ?????????? ??????. ???? 279 ??????? ??????? ??????????? ??? ???? ???????, ???? ??? ????????? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ???? ???????, ????? ??????? ??? ?????????? ?????. ??? ??, ????? ????? ?? ???? ??????? ?? ?? ????????? ?? ???? ????? ??????? ???? ?????????? ???? 1976 ?? ??? 1985 (????? ?? ???? ???? ???? ??????? ?? 282). ???? ???? ??????? 308 ?????.
???? ???? ?????? ?????? "???? ??????" (Members of Parliament) ??????? "MP".
???? ?? ??? ???? ??????? ???? ???? ??? (????? ????? "Speaker" ? "????").
???? ??? ?????
??? ?????? ?????? ?? ???
????? ????? ?? ????
????? ??
??? ????? ????
.
???? ??? ??? ???????
??????, ???? ?? ??? ???? ??? ??????? (???? ??????).
????? ?
?????? ??????
????? ??? ???? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???? ????????? ?? ???? ??? ?????. ???? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ??????? ?? (????? ?????
??? ???????
?
????? ???????
), ???? ?????? ???? ?????? ????? ?? ??? ????? ???. ????
1991
?????? ??????? ???? ??? ?????, ???? ???? ??? ????? ????? ????? ?????.
????? ??????
????? ?????
??????
(???? ????? ???????) ?????? ??? ???????: 15 ???????? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ?? ?????, ?-20 ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ?? ???? ??????. ??? ??? ??????, ????? ??? ???? ???? ??????? ??????? ???????.
?????? ?????? ????? ??? ????? ????? ? ???? ????? ???? ???? ?? ??? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ??? "???" ("Yea") ?? "???" ("Nay"), ????? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ??????. ????? ????? ??? ??? ?????, ??? ?? ????? ????? ????? ?? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ???? ??????? ??????, ??? ??????.
????? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ?????, ???? ???? ??? ???? ????? ?? ??? ????? ?? ?????????? ????????. ????? ??? ??? ??? ? ????? (?????, ????? ?? ??????, ?? ????? ??? ???? ??? ??????, ?????? ?????). ???? ??????, ????? ??? ???? ???? ??????, ??? ????? ?? ?? ??????, ?? ??? ???? ?????? ?
???? ??????
. ?? ?? ??????? ???????, ????? ??? ????? ?? ??? ????
????? ???
????, ???? ?? ????? ?????? ???.
???? ???? ?? ????? ????? ??????? ????? ?? ???? ?? ??? ? ?????? ?? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ???? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ???? ??? ???? ?????.
?????? ??????? ???????,
????? ????? ?? ????
????? ?? ????? ?????? ???????. ???? ????? ???, ??????? ???? ??? ????? ????? ?????, ????? ??? ????? ?
??? ????? ???????
????? ?
?????? ??????
. ???? ??????? ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ?????, ?? ?? ?????? ????? ??????? ???? ??? (Speaker ? ???? ????? ????), ??? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ??????, ??????? ???? ???.
????? ?????
?????? ?????? ?? ???????
? ???? ?????, ??????
???? ?????
(Black Rod), ???? ???? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ?????. ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ?? ?? ?????? ????. ???? ??? ???? ?????? (?-Speaker ? "?????") ???? ???? ???? ????? ????? ???? ????
??????
, ????????, ???? ????? ?????, ?? ???? ??? ?? ?????? (??, ????, ????
1919
???? ?? ???? ??????
?????? ??????
,
???? ?????
), ????? ?? ?????? ???? ?????? ??????? ???? ??????. ??????, ????? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ?? ??????, ????? ??? ????? (?-Speaker ? "?????" ???? ?????) ???? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ??????? ???? ??????, ???? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ????, ???? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ??? ???????, ???????, ????? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ??
????? ?? ???
??? ??????? ????? ?????? ????? ??? ???????. ????? ???? ???? ?? ??? ??? ?????? ???? ?? ??? ??????.
???? ??? ??????? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ????? (????? ?????? ???? ????? ?? ??? ??????). ???? ????? ??, ??? ????? ???? ????? ??????? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ??? ?????? ???????, ??? ???? ??? ????? ?? ????? ??????? (???? ??????? ?????? ?? ??????? ??????? ??? ??? ?? ????? ????? ???? ??? ?? ???? ?????? ? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????).
???? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ????? (???? ??? ??????) ?????? ?? ????? ???????, ??????? ?????? ?????? ??????. ???? ??? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ???? ??, ?????? ???????, ????? ??????. ????? ??? ???? ??????? ???? ??? ???? ???????, ??????? "????" ("expire"), ??????? ?????? ??????. ??? ???? ????????? ?? ???? ???? ???? ??????? ???? ???.
?? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ???? ????? ???? ??? ("bills"). ???? ??? ?????? ?? ??? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ??? ????? ????? "private members' bill", ????? ??? ?????? ?? ??? ??? ???? ????? ??? ????? ????? "private senators' bill". ????, ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ??? ?????? (???? ?????? "????? ??? ????????" ? "government bills").
?????? ????? ?????? ?
????
,
?????? ??????
?? ???? ??? ??????? ????. ??????, ?????
?????? ??????
???? ???? ?? ?? ??? ???? ?????? ????. ???? ?????? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ???? ????? ??? ???????. ???? ???? ???? ???? ???????? ??????? (Standing Committee), ??? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ?????, ??? ????? ???????. ?????? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ???????. ???? ?????? ??? ????? ???? ???? ?? ??? ??????? ("Committee of the Whole"), ??? ????? ?? ???? ??? ???????, ????? ???? ????. ??? ?? ???? ?????? ??? ?????? ??????
?? ???
????? ????? ????.
???? ??? ????? ??????, ?????? ?????? (??? ?????? ? "the report stage") ???? ??????? ?? ????????, ????? ?????? (?? ?????? ?????? ????????) ????? ???? ????
?????? ???????
. ???? ?? ?? ???? ????? ??????? ???? ???? ??????? (???? ??????), ???? ???? ?????? ??????? ????? ???? ????? ????? ??????? ????.
???? ????? ??? ?????? ??????, ??? ???? ???? ???? (????? ?????? ?????, ??????? ???? ??????) ????? ????? ????? ?? ?? ???? ??????. ??????? ??????? ?? ??? ???? ???? (??? ?? ????? ????? ?? ???? ??????) ?????? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ?? ??????. ?? ??? ????? ???? ??????? ????, ????? ??????? ?? ???? ?? ????????, ???? ?? ?????.
???? ????? ????? ???? ??? ??????? ??? ????? ????
????? ??????
. ??????? ??
??????
, ????? ????? ?? ?? ???
????? ????? ?? ????
. ????? ????? ???? ????? ???? ????? ?????:
- ??? ?? ?????? ???????? ? ????? ?????.
- ?? ??? ?? ?????? ???????? ? ???? ???? ?????.
- ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ??????? ???? ?? ????? ?? ????.
?? ????? ????? ???? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ??????, ???? ???.
?? ?? ?????? ??????, ????? ????? ???? ???? ?? ??????.
????? ??????? ?????? (?????? ????? ??????? ?????? ?
????? ???????
), ?? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ??????? ?
????
.
?????, ?? ????? ????? ??????? ????? ?????, ???? ?????? ??? ????????? ??????, ??? ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ?? ????????? ????? ????? ?? ???? ?????.
????? ????
????? ???? ????? ???? ??????? ?? ???? (???? ?????? ????), ???? ?? ?? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ??? ??????? ??? ?????? ?? ???
??????
(????????, ?? ???
????? ????? ?? ????
). ?? ???, ??????? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ????, ????????? ???? ??? ?????? ??????, ?? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ?? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?????.
???? ???? ????? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??? ?????? (??? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ??? ???????, ??, ?????? ??????, ?????? ??? ??? ??? ???????, ??? ??? ?????? ???? ????
????? ?????
). ????? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ????????????.
???? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ?????? (????????, ?? ??? ????? ?????) ?????? ??? ??????.
?? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ??????? ?? ??? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ???? ???? ??? ??????. ?????? ??? ???? ??? ??????, ???? ??? ??? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ??????? (??????? ???? ???? ????? ??? ??????? ????? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ??? ??????, ???? ?????? ???? ??? ???? ??).
?????? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ???? (?????). ????? ?
?????? ??????
???? ???? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ??? ???????.
??????? ???? ????? ????? ????? ?????? "?? ????" ??????. ????? ?? ????? ????? ????? ??????, ?? ?? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ?? ????, ??? ??? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ??? ????? ?? ????. ????? ?? ??? ??????? ?? ????? ??????, ???? ?????? (??? ????? ????? ???? ????? ???? ????? ???? ????? ?????, ?? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ??? ?????? ??????).
???? ?????? ?????? (?? ?? ????? ?????? ?????) ?? ??? ??????? (??????? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ?????), ???? ???????
????? ???????????
?????. ???? ?????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????? (???? ?????? ?? ????? ???????).
????
2005
?????? ????? ?? ???? ???
??? ?????
, ????????? ???? ??????. ????? ?? ????? ?????? ??????? ??? ?????? ??
?'? ?????
????
1979
.
??????? ??????? ????? ??????? ?? ??? ????? ??????, ??????? ??? ???????? ????????? (??????? ???????), ????????? (??????? ?
????? ????
), ??????????. ??? ??, ????? ?????? ??? ???????? ????????? ??????? ??????? (?????? ??????) ???? ???????? ??????? ???? ??????? ?? ??????????? ?????? ?? ????.
????, ??? ???????? ?? ??????????? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ??????? ??????? ?????: ?????, ????? ?????, ???? ????, ???????? ???? ???? ?????. ??? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ????? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ???????? ????????????, ?????? ???? ??????? ????? ?????? ?????, ???? ????????, ??? ???????, ????, ???, ????, ??????, ????? ???????, ?????? ???,
?????? ??????
???????, ?????? ??????? ?
?????????
????? ??????.
???? ?????? ??? ?? ????? ???????? ?????? ??? ??????? ????? ???? ???????? ?? ???????????, ???? ????? ??????? ???????? ? ???????? ?? ??? ??????? ???? ????? ????? ???? ???????? ???? ?? ??? ??? ???????? ??????????????. ??? ?? ?? ?????? ?????? ??? ?????? ???????????? ?????? ????? ?????? ???????, ?????? ?????.
????? ??????? ????? ?????? ?? ???
??? ??????? ????????? ?????
? ????? ?? ??????? ?????? ?? ???????? ???????? ??????? ???? ???????, ???? ????? ????? 33 ???? ???????. ??????? ????? ????? ?? ????? ?? ????? ??? ???? ??, ???? ??? ???????? ?????????????? ?????? ?? ?????. ????? ??????? ?? ??? ??????? ????? ?????? ????? ???? 33 ?????, ???? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ??.
???? ??? ??????? ???? ????? ????? (privilege) ????? ????? ? ??? ????? ?? ?? ???? ??? ???? ????? ???? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ??, ??????? ????? ??????? ?????? ?????? (
?????? ??????
) ?? ?? ?????? ?????? ????? ???????. ??, ????, ?? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ????
????? ????
?? ????? ???? ???????.
??? ??, ????? ??????? ?????
?????? ??????
?????? ????? ??? ?????? ??????? (?? ?? ??? ?????? ???????), ??? ???? ??????? ?????? ????? ????? ?
??? ???????
??? ???? ????? ????? ????
?????
???? ????.
??? ??? ???? ??????? ?????? ???? ??????? ????? ????? ?? (?? ??? ?????? ???? ????? ?? ???? ????? ???, ???? ?????? ??? ?? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ???).
???? ??????? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???????.
??? ??? ???? ???????
???
(mace) ????? ????. ???? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ????
1849
?????? ?? ?????? ??????? ?? ????. ???? ?????? ?? ??? ??????? ????? ????
1916
?????? ???? ??????? ?????? ??
????? ?? ??????
.