?????????? ?? ????

**?????????? ?? ????**
**Saarland, Sarre**
	?????? ?-1946 ?????????? ?? ???? ; ???? ?????? ?????? ??????? ; ??? ????? ?????? ??????? ;
????? ?????	Saarlandlied
????
??? ????	????????
????????
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????????
?????? ????	17 ?????? 1947
?????? ?????	31 ?????? 1956
???? ?????	??? ???????
???? ?????	??? ????

?????????? ?? ???? (? ?????? : Saarprotektorat ; ? ?????? : Protectorat de la Sarre ), ????? ???? ?????? (???????: Sarre ), ????? ????? ???? ?????? ????????? ????? ??????? ??????? ? ?????? . ?? ???????? ? ???????? ??????? ?? ?????? ?- 1957 , ??? ???? ?"????? ???????" ????? ????? ( Bundesland ), ??? ???? , ??? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ( ??' ) ?? ????? , ?????? ? ???? . ????? ???? ?? ?? ??? ? ??? .

????? ???? ??? ???? ????? ??????? ??? ??? ???? ????? ????????, ???? ? ??????? , ????? ????, ??? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????. ?? ?? ????? ?????? ??????, ???? ??? ??? ?????? ?????? ????????? ???????. ??????? 1900 , ????? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ? ??? , ? ???? ?? ???? ??????? (???? ??? ????? ???? ???? ????? ??????). ?- 1920 ?? 1935 , ?????? ? ????? ????? ??????? , ????? ??? ?????? ??? ??????? ? ????????? ??? ???? . ?-1935 ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ???????? ????? ?? ????.

?????? ????????, ????? ????? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ??????? ??????? (????? ???? ?????? ? ???? ?????? ?????? ?- 1 ?????? 1957 ). ??????? ?? ????? ??????? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ?? ??? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ?? 1951 . ????? ??? ? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?- 1946 . ?- 1947 ????? ?????? ???? ?????. ????? ?? ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ????? ?????, ???????? ?????? ?? ?????? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ????? - ??????? - ???? . ?????? ????????; ??? ????? ???????? ????? ??????? ?? ?????? ??????? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ??????? , ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ????? (ACC), ????? "???? ???????" ??????? ??????? ????.

???????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

????? ???? ???? ? ???? ( ???? ?????? ?? ??????? ( ??' ) , 1685) ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? (1790?1798) ? ??????? ???????????? , ???? ??? ????? ? ??????? ??????? ??????? ????? ??? ??? 1798 ?- 1814 .

???? ????? ????? ??????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

?? ?? ???? ????? , ???? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ?????? ?????? ???????? ? ???? . ???? 1920 , ??????? ????? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ??????? ???? ???? ??? ??????? ?? ????????? ??? ???? : ???? ????? ?? ????? ???????? ???? ? ?????????? ????? ??????? ???????? ?? ??? ?????? ??????? ( ??????? ???? ???????) ??? ???? ?????? ???????. ?? ???? ?? ??? ???? ?? 15 ???? ?? ??? ??????? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ??????? ? ?????? , ?????? ???????? ???? ?? 1935 . ?????? ? ??? ?? ????, ??????? ????? ????? ????? ?????, ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ????, ?????? ?? ??? ?????? ???????? ?? ??? ??????? ??????? ?- 1918 .

???? ??? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

?- 13 ?????? 1935 , ???? ?? ??????? ???? ???? 15 ?????, ???? ??? ?-90.7% ????????? ?????? ??? ???? ???????, ?-0.4% ?????? ??? ????? ?? ????. ????? (8.9%) ?????? ?? ??????? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ???????-??????. ???? ????? ??????? ?????? ?? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ?? ????? ?????? (Ruckgliederung des Saarlandes) ??? ???? ???? ???? 1935. ???? ?? ???? ???? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ???????, ??? ???? ?? ?????? ???? ? ??? ?? ???-????? (Saarpfalz). ?- 1942 ???? ??? ?-Westmark (????? ??????), ?????? ?????? ?????? ???? ?? ?????? ????? ? ???? ??????? ?????? ???? ???????, ???? ??? ????? ?? ??? ?? ??? ?????.

???? ????? ????? ?????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

????? 1945 , ??????? ???? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ? ?????? , ????? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ???????? ????? ?????? ?????? ????. ?- 10 ????? 1945 ???? ????? ????? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ????. ?- 16 ??????? 1946 , ???? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ?????????? ?? ???? ?????, ?????? ?? ??? ??? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ???? ??????.

?????? ?????? ????? ??? ??? 1,820 ????? ????? ????? 1946 ?- 1947 , ????? ????? ????? ?? ??? ?????. ^[1] ?? ???, ???? ?? ?????? ???????? ?????? (??? ????? ?????) ? ???? ??????? ?? ??? ????? ?????, ???? ???? ????? ???? ????? ????? ?? ??????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ???? ???? ?? ????? ????. ^[2] ?? ???, ????? ???? ????? ??????? ?????? ?? ??? ?????? (???? ?????? ???????? ? ?????? ) ???????? ??????? ?????? (???? ????? ??????? ????????) ????? ????? ??????? ??????? ????. ???? ??? ?? ????? ????? ?? ????????? ???? ?????? ?????.

??? ??- 20 ????? 1946 ????? ?????????? ?? ???? 109 ?????? ?? ?????????? ????? ??????? ???? ????? ??????. ?? 18 ?????? 1946 ????? ????? ??? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????. ?? ??? ????? ??????????? ????? ??? ?????????? ?? ????, ????? ?????? 1947, ???? ???????-????? ????? (????? ???? ?????? ?- 30 ??????? 1946 ????? ?????? ??????), ???? 61 ?????? ???????, ???? ?-13 ?????? ????? ????? ?????????? ?? ????. ^[3]

????? "Restatement of Policy on Germany", ????? ? ??????? ?- 6 ??????? 1946, ?? ???? ?? ????? ????? , ?'???? ?????? ???? , ????? ?? ????? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ??????? ?"????? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ?? ????? ????, ??????? ???? ???? ???? ????? ?-70 ???, ???? ????".

?- 16 ????? 1947 ????? ?? ???? ????? ?? ? ????????? ????? ???? ?????????? ?? ????, ????? ??? ????? ??? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ?- 15 ??????? ????? ???. ???? ??? ????? ???? ????? ????? ?- 1954 ?????, ?????? ?? ?????? ???? ?? ???, ?????? ????? ??????? ???????. ?- 15 ?????? 1947 ???? ??? ???? ?? ?? ????? ???? ??? , ?? ????? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ?'???? ?????????. ?????? 1947 ??? ???????? ???? ????? ??? ????, ??? ?????? ???? ???? ?-150 ????? ????????, ?? ????? ???? ??????. ?- 23 ???? 1948 ???? ????? ???? ?? ????, ????? ????? ?- 1 ?????? .

??????, ????? ??????? ??????? ?? ????? ??? ??????? ?? ??? ?????? ?????. ?????? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ???????, ??????? ???? ????? ??? ???? ?????, ?? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? (??? ?? ????? ?-1949 ??? ?? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ?? ?? ???? ?????? ???? ????? , ????? ????? ???? ?? ??????? ??????). ??????? ?? ?????? ??????? ????? 1946 ?? ?????? 1947.

?????????? ?? ???? ??????? ?? ??? ????? ????? ?- 1950 , ???? ????? ???? ?????? ???? ???????, ???? ????? ???? ???? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ????? ??-????? ????? ??? ????????? ???????. ?? ???? ? ????? ????? , ^[4] ?????? ?????? ????? ?? ??? ?'?? ???? . ??????? ????? ??????? ??? ????, ?????? ??????? ????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??????. ???? ?????, ???? ??????? ??? ?????? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ????, ???? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ???????? (ECSC). ^[5] ?? ???????? ?? ???? ?????? ?-ECSC, ???? ?? ???? ????? ?????????? ???? ????? ???? ????? ?- 25 ????? 1952 . ^[6] ?? ???, ???? ????? ?? ????? ????.

??? ?????? ??????, ???? ?? ?????? ???-??????? ^[7] ?????? ??????? ???????. ????? ??? ????? ? ?????? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ( ??' ) , ????? ?????????? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ???? ? ???? ?????? 1945, ???? ???? ??????? ???? ???? ??????. ?? ???, ??????? ??????? ?? ????? 1952, 24% ????????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????? ???-??????? ?????? (???? ???? ????? ????? ???? ??????? ??????? ???? ???? ???? ????? ????????).

???? ?? ?????? ?????? ???? ?????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

? ????? ???? ?- 23 ???????? 1954 , ???? ????? ????? "??????" ?????? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????? (WEU), ?? ???? ?? ????? ?-23 ???????? 1955 ??? ?????? ?? ?-67.7% ????? 32.3% ???? 96.5% ???? ?????: 423,434 ???, 201,975 ???) ????? ?????? ???????? ?? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???????. ????? ??????? ?? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ???????? ???? ????????? ??????? ?? ??????. ^[8]

?- 27 ???????? 1956 ???? ???? ???? ?? ?? ????? ??????? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????? , ??? ????? ????? ???, ??? ???? ?????? ?- 1 ?????? 1957 . ???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ? ???? . ?? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ????? ?? ???? . ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ???? ??? ?????? ???? ??? ???? ????; ????? ???? ???? ?????, ????? ????? ???? ??????.

????? ?? ???? ??????? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ???? ??????? ?? 1960 , ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ?????? ? ???? ????? ????? ???? ??? "??? X". ????? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ?-1 ?????? 1957, ????? ???? ???? ???? ??????? ?? ?- 6 ????? 1959 . ????? ????? ? ????? ??? ( ??' ) ?????, ???? ???? 13 ???? ?????.

????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????? , ?????? ??????????? ?? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ????????? ??? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??? ? ???? ??????? ???? ???? ???????? ?????? ??????? ?? 12 ?????? ????? 15 (??? ????? ??? ???? ????? ?? ??? ???? ????? ????? ??????? ???? ? ????? ?????? ). ^[9]

????-?????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

??????? ???????? ??????? ?? ?????????? ?? ???? ????? ?- 5 ???????? 1947 , ???? ???? ?????? ????? ???????, ????? ??? ??????? ?? ??? ???? ( ??' ) (CVP), ?????? ???????-???????? ?? ??? ???? (SPS), ?????? ????????? ?? ??? ???? ( ??' ) (DPS) ? ?????? ??????????? ?? ??? ???? ( ??' ) (KPS). ? ?????? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ????? ?? ????? ?? ??? ???? ?- 15 ?????? 1947 . ?????? ??????? ?????, ?-CVP ??? ????? ?????, ????? ?? ?????? ??????? ?? ?-SPS.

1947?1952: ????? ????? (CVP), ?????? ??????
1952?1955: ????? ????? (CVP), ????? ?????, ????? ???? ???? ???? ???? ????? ???
1955?1956: ??????? ??? (?????), ????? ?? ?????? ?? ??? ??????
1956?1957: ????? ??? (CVP), ????? ???? ?????? ??? ?????? ??????

??????? ???????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

???? ?????? ????? ?????????? ?? ???? ? ??????????

????? ?????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

^ Long, Bronson ( ??????? 2015 ). No Easy Occupation: French Control of the German Saar, 1944-1957 (First ed.). Rochester, New York: Camden House. pp. 44?47. ISBN 978-1-57113-915-3 . {{ cite book }}: ( ???? )
^ Cf. the report of the Central State Archive of Rhineland-Palatinate on the first expellees arriving in that state in 1950 to be resettled from other German states. "Blick in die Geschichte - Jubilaum #15.04.0" . ????? ?- ????? ?-2009-08-21 . ???? ?- 2010-03-01 .
^ Hans-Peter Schwarz, Konrad Adenauer: a German politician and statesman in a period of war , p489
^ EUROPA.EU An official website of the European Union. "The Schuman Declaration ? 9 May 1950" .
^ Britannica (2021-05-21). "Schuman Plan" .
^ United Nations. "Statement of Treaties and International Agreements Registered or filed and recorded with the Secretariat during June 1959" (PDF) . ?????? (PDF) ?- 6 ??????? 2015 . {{ cite web }}: ( ???? )
^ The parties in favour of a reunification of the Saar with Germany were the Christian-Democratic Union of the Saar (CDU-Saar), the German Social Democratic Party (DSP) and the Democratic Party of the Saar (DPS).
^ "Results of the referendum on the Saar Statute (23 October 1955)" . Saarlandische Volkszeitung . Saarbrucken. 24 ???????? 1955 . p. 10 . ???? ?- 8 ??????? 2011 . {{ cite news }}: ( ???? )
^ Murphy, Sean ( 25 ?????? 2006 ). "Irish Chiefs: Memorandum on the Role of Irish Chief Herald Slevin in the Design of the European Flag" . homepage.tinet.ie . ????? ?- ????? ?- 23 ?????? 2007 . ???? ?- 8 ??????? 2011 . {{ cite web }}: ( ???? )

[1] Long, Bronson ( ??????? 2015 ). No Easy Occupation: French Control of the German Saar, 1944-1957 (First ed.). Rochester, New York: Camden House. pp. 44?47. ISBN 978-1-57113-915-3 . {{ cite book }}: ( ???? )

[2] Cf. the report of the Central State Archive of Rhineland-Palatinate on the first expellees arriving in that state in 1950 to be resettled from other German states. "Blick in die Geschichte - Jubilaum #15.04.0" . ????? ?- ????? ?-2009-08-21 . ???? ?- 2010-03-01 .

[3] Hans-Peter Schwarz, Konrad Adenauer: a German politician and statesman in a period of war , p489

[4] EUROPA.EU An official website of the European Union. "The Schuman Declaration ? 9 May 1950" .

[5] Britannica (2021-05-21). "Schuman Plan" .

[6] United Nations. "Statement of Treaties and International Agreements Registered or filed and recorded with the Secretariat during June 1959" (PDF) . ?????? (PDF) ?- 6 ??????? 2015 . {{ cite web }}: ( ???? )

[7] The parties in favour of a reunification of the Saar with Germany were the Christian-Democratic Union of the Saar (CDU-Saar), the German Social Democratic Party (DSP) and the Democratic Party of the Saar (DPS).

[8] "Results of the referendum on the Saar Statute (23 October 1955)" . Saarlandische Volkszeitung . Saarbrucken. 24 ???????? 1955 . p. 10 . ???? ?- 8 ??????? 2011 . {{ cite news }}: ( ???? )

[9] Murphy, Sean ( 25 ?????? 2006 ). "Irish Chiefs: Memorandum on the Role of Irish Chief Herald Slevin in the Design of the European Flag" . homepage.tinet.ie . ????? ?- ????? ?- 23 ?????? 2007 . ???? ?- 8 ??????? 2011 . {{ cite web }}: ( ???? )

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