?????
????? ?????? ?????
??? ????? ??
????? ??????
. ???????? ??
????? ??????
?
???? ????? ?????
. ?????? ????? ?? ?? ???? ?
???? ?????????
.
?
????
?
???????
???? ???? ???????? ????? ?????. ?????? ? ?? ???? ?
?????? ????
(??? ???? ?????? ?
????? ???????
) ???? ????? ?? ?????, ????? ????? ????? ??????, ????? ??????? ???? ??
???????
?????? ???? ???? ??????? ????????? ? ??? ??????????? ?? ????? ????? ?? ???? ?????, ???? ?? ????? ???????? ????? ????? ?? ??????? ?
???? ???????
, ??? ????? ???? ?????? ?
????? ?????????
.
?????? ????? ??????, ?????, ?????? ???? ?????? ????? ?????: 50 ?? ?
??????
?????? ?????? ???. ?????? ??????? ??
????? ?????
(
??'
)
(????? ?????? ?? ????)- ?? ?? ???? ????? (??????, ?????? ???????, ??? ??? ??????? ?-
United States Code
), ??? ???????? ??? ???????? ??????? ??-?????????; ?? ?? ????? ??-????? (????? ??? ???? ???? ??? ??? ???? ??? ????) ???????? ?? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ?????????.
???? ????? ??? ?? ???? ??? ???? ??????? ????. ??? ??????? ??????? ?????: ?? ???? ?? ?????
?????? ????? ????? ????? ?????
, ?????? ????? ???? ????? ????? ????? ????
??? ???????
.
??? ?? ???, ?? ?? ?????? ????? ??????? ???? ?? ???????. ?????? ???????, ????
?????? ???? ?????
, ??? ???? ?? ????? ????????? ??????? (??? ?? ???? ????? ??????). ?????? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ?? ??????? ???? incorporation.
????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????, ????? ????? ?? ?????
?????????
??????, ????? ???? ????, ??
????? ???????????
.
?????? ????? ????? ??? ???? ????? ????? ??????
??????
, ??? ????? ???? ?? ??
???? ?????
(Equity).
??? ?????? ????? ????? ????
??? ???? ?? ???? ?????
?? ??????; ???? ??? ???? ??? ???? ????? ?? ?????? (State Supreme Court). ???? ???? ??????? ?
??? ????
,
????
,
??????
,
???'????
?
???? ????'????
? ?? ?? ?? ???. ???? ?????? ?
????
?
????????
? ??????, ??? ???, ??? ??? ???? ?? ???? ?????: ??? ???????? ???????
[1]
???? ???????? ???????
[2]
. ??? ?????, ?????? ???????? ?????? ????? ??? ?????? ??????? ?? ?
????
?? ???? ?????.
??? ???? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????? ?????: "
??? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????
"
(
??'
)
. ?????? ??? ??? 94 ??? ???? ???????, ???? ??? ?
?????? ????
[3]
.
??? ????? ???????? ??????? ?? ?? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ?? ????, ???? ??? ???? ????? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ???, ???? ??? ????.
????? ???? ????? ???????? ?? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ?????????, ????? ??? ???? ??????? ??? ??????? (?????? ???? ??????? ??????? ????).
????? ?? ???? ??? ??????? ?? ??? ???? ????? ????? ??? ????? (?????, ????? ????? ???? ???? ??????), ???? ???? ???? ??? ???? ????? ???????? (??? ????)- ???? ??? ???? ????? ????? ?? ????. ??, ????, ????? ?? ????? ?? ?? ??? ?????? ??? ????? ???????? ???????? ?????????? ???? ?
??? ????? ???????? ?? ????? ????? ???? ???? ??????
, ?????? ?? ??? ?????? ???? ????????? ?
???? ????? ?????
.
??? ?? ??? ???? ?????, ???? "
??? ???? ??????? ????? ???
"
(
??'
)
. ???? ??? ??? 94 ??? ???? ????.
?????, ?????? ???? ??? ???? ??????? ???????? ????? ?????, ??????? ?? ????? ????? ????. ??? ??: "
??? ????? ?? ????? ????? ??????? ?????
"
(
??'
)
; "
??? ????? ?? ????? ????? ??????? ??? ????????
"
(
??'
)
; "
??? ????? ?? ????? ????? ??????? ?????? ???????
"
(
??'
)
; "
??? ????? ????? ??? ?????? ???? ??????? ????
"
(
??'
)
; "
??? ????? ???????? ?? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ????????
"
(
??'
)
; "
??? ????? ???????? ?? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ????????
"
(
??'
)
; ?"
??? ????? ???????? ?? ????? ????? ???? ???? ??????
"
(
??'
)
.
???? ???? ??? ????? ????, ?????? ????? ???????? ????? ??? ??? ??? ????? ???????? ?????? ???????? ????? ??? ??? ??? ????? ????????.
??? ???? ?????? ??????? ??????, ?????? ??? ??? ????? ???????? ???? ????? ??????, ??? "
??? ???? ???????? ?? ????? ?????
"
(
??'
)
. ?????? ??? ??? 12 ??? ???? ????????.
??? ????? ??????? ?? ?? "
?????
"
(
??'
)
. ???? ????? "???" ????? ??? ????? ??? ???? ?? ???? ?? ???????? ?????? ??? ????? ??? ?????, ???? ???? ??? ???? ????. ????, ???? ??? ????? ???? ??????, "???" ????? ??? ?-11 ?????? ????????? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ????????:
- ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ?? ????? ?????
? ????, ???'????, ??? ???????, ??? ??????, ?????? ????.
- ??? ????? ?????? ???? ???????? ?? ????? ?????
? ???????, ??? ????, ??????.
- ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ?? ????? ?????
? ??????, ??? ?'???, ??????????.
- ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ?? ????? ?????
? ??????, ???????? ???????, ???????? ???????, ????'????, ????'???? ???????.
- ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ?? ????? ?????
? ?????????, ????????, ????.
- ??? ????? ?????? ????? ???????? ?? ????? ?????
? ?????, ??????, ?????, ????.
- ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ?? ????? ?????
? ???????, ????????, ?????????.
- ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ?? ????? ?????
?
??????
, ?????, ???????, ??????, ??????, ????? ???????,
????? ???????
.
- ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ?? ????? ?????
?
?????
, ????, ?????,
?????????
, ??????, ?????????, ??????,
??????
, ????, ??? ?????? ????????, ???????.
- ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ?? ????? ?????
? ???????, ????, ??? ??????, ????????, ????, ???????.
- ??? ????? ?????? ???? ??? ???????? ?? ????? ?????
? ?????, ???????, ?'???'??.
- ??? ????? ?????? ???????? ????? ????????
? ???? ????????.
??? ????????? ???? ??????? ??? ?????, ???? ?????, ???? ???? ????????. ??? ????? ???????? ??????? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ?? ??? ???? ????? (??? ?????? ????? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ??????).
- ??? ????? ?
??? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????
?????? ??????? ??????? ????? ??? ??? ????? ??????. ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ????? ?????. ???????? ?????
????? ?????
???? ?? ??? ????? ?????????? ??????, ?? ??????? ??? ????????. ??? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ?????.
??? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ??? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ????. ????? ???, ??? ?????? ?
??????
?-
1925
???? ?? ??????? ???????? ???? ????? ???? ????? ????? ????? ??????. ?? ??????? ?????? ???? ??? ?????, ?? ??????? ?????
?? ???? ????
(writ of certiorari). ???? ?-7,500 ????? ??????? ??? ??? ????? ????? ?????, ?? 1% ???? ????? ??? ??????, ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ?-75 ?? 100 ????? ????. ???? ???, ????????? ??? ??? ??????? ??????? ???? ????, ??? ??? ???? ?? ???? ????? ??? ??? ?? ????? ?????? ?????.