????? ??????? ?? 1873

????? ??????? ?? 1873 ??? ? ??? ????? ????? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ? ?????? ??????? . ??????? ???????, ????? ??????? , ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ? ???????? ??? ??? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ?????. ??? ?? ??? ?????? " ???? ????? " ?? ? ?????? 1929 ?????? ???? ^[1]^[2].

??? ???? ?????? ???? ?????? ????? ??????? ????? ?????, ???????????? ???? ??????? ???? ?????? ?????? ??????. ??????? ???????? ?? ???????? ????? ????? ??????? ????????? , ?????? ?????????? ???? ???? ????, ????? ??????? ?????? , ???? ??? ?????? ?????, ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ??????????? ?? 1871 , ????? ???? ???? ???? ???? ??? ????? ? ?????? ?? ????? . ?? ??? ????? ??? ??? ??? ?? ????? ???? ?? ??????, ??? ??????? ? ??? ???? ?-50 ?????? ???? ?-17 ?????? ???? ???? ??????? ???????? 1873 .

????? ????? ???????? ??? ????? ???????? ? ????? , ???? ???????? ???????-??????? .

????? ????? ?????? ????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

???? ????? ??????? ????????? ???? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????? ?????? ???? ??????. ??? 1868 ?-1873 ????? ?????? ????? 53,000 ??????? ^[3]. ????? ??????? ????? ?????????? ?????? ???????? ^[4]. ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ???? ? ?????? ????? ???, ?????? ??? ??, ??? ?? ????? ??????? ??????. ????????? ?????? ??? ???? ??????, ???????? ???? ??????? ???, ?? ?? ??????? ?? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ????? ???? ^[5].

???? ????? ?? 1873 [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

?-1871 ???? ???????? ??????? ?????? ?? ???? ? ???? ? ??? . ?????? ??? ??? ?????? ????? ???? ??????? ???. ????? ?? ?????? ???? ????? ?? ????? ?????, ?? ???? ??? ???? ??????. ??? ???, ????? ???? ????? ?? 1873 , ??? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ? ???? ?? ????? ? ???? ??? ????. ????? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ????? ????? ??? ????? ??????? ????? ???? ?????? ^[6].

????? ???? ????????? ????? ????? ??? ?????, ???????? ?????? ????? ?? ??? ????? ???? ???, ???? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ??? ?????? ???? , ????? ??? , ??????? ????? ??????? ????? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ????'???? ??????? ?????? ^[7].

????? ???? ????????? ????? ???? ??????, ??? ?? ??? ???? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ????, ?????? ?????? ???? ? ????? , ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? , ???? ? ?????? . ????? ???????? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ??, ?????? ???? 1878 ?? ???? ?????-?????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ????.

??????? ?????? ??? ??????? ?????? ?? ????? ?? ??????? ??????????? ????? ????, ????? ? ??????-??? .

??????? 1873, ???? ???? ???? ????. ???? ?'?? ????, ??????? ??????? ????????? ?? ????, ??? ???? ???-????? ??????? ??? ?? ???? ????? "????? ???? ???????". ?-18 ??????? ???? ???? ???? ????? ??? ^[8].

?????? ?? ????? ????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

????? ???? ?? ??? ?'?? ???, ????????? ?? ??? ???? ????, ???? ????? ?????? ?? ?????-????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ???-???? . ?????? ????? ???? ????? ???? ????? ???? ????? ????? ??? ???? ???? ?????? . ????? ???? ? ???-???? , ???? ?????? ?????? ^[9]^[10]. ?-20 ??????? ????? ???? ????? ???-???? ????? ???? ^[11]. ?? ?????? ?-55 ?????? ?????? ???? ???, ?????? ?-60 ?????? ?????? ??? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ^[12]. ???? ?????? ????, ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ??????, ??????? ????? ?????? ????? 12,000 ??????? ???? 1872 ??-2,500 ??????? ???? 1875 ^[12]. ?-18,000 ??? ??? ???? ??? 1873 ?-1875. ? ????? ????? ?? ???? ?? 8.25% ???? 1878 ^[13]. ?????? ????? ????? ??????, ???????? ????, ???"? ???? ????? ???????? ? ???????? ????? ?? ?? ^[14].

????? ????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

?????? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ? ????? ???? 1877, ????? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ?????, ???? ? ????????? ?????? ????? . ????? ???? ???? ???????? ?? ???? ?????? , ?????? ?-100 ??? ????? ??????? ?????.

????? ?????? ??? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

????? 1877 ???? ???? ????? ??? , ???? ??????? ??????? ? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ^[15]. ???? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ?? ? ????????? ^[16].

????? ???? ?? ?????? ????????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

?????? ???? ????? 1879, ?? ??????? ??? ????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ?????. ?????? ??????? ????? ??????? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ? ???????? ??????? 1874, ??????? ????????? ??? ???? ? ?????? . ???? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ????? ??????? ????? ???? ?????? ????? , ????? ???? ??? ??? ???? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ???. ?????? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ???? ?????? ?????????, ? ??????????? ???? ??? ???? ?????. ???? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ?????, ?? ????? ?? ???? ?-20 .

?????? ?? ?????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

????? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ?? ?????? ?????? ? ??????? .

?????? ????????-??????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

???? ??????? ????? ????? ?????? ??????? , ??????? ????? ?????? ??????? ????? ???? ? ?????? ??? . ? ??????? ??? ??????? ?????? ????? ???? ?????? ???????? ?????? ???? ????? ?? ??? ????"? ^[17] ????? ?? ??? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????, ???? ??? ?????, ????? ? ?????? ????? - ???? ?????? ????? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ^[18]. ???? ??????? ?? ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ???? ?????. ?????? ??? ?-23 ??????? 1871 ????? ????? ?????? ?? ??????? ??????? ??? ?????? ???? ??? ???? ??????? ?-9 ????? 1873 ^[19].

?-9 ???? 1873 ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ???? , ??? ???? ??? ????? ?? ? ???? ?? ??????? ??????, ?????? ??? ? ?????? ??????????? . ???? ?? ???????? ????? ?????? ????? ??? ?????? ????????, ??????? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ????.

?????? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ???????, ??? ???? ???? ?? ????? ??????, ????? ??????? ???????????? ??????. ????????? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ???????? 1873 ?? ???? ???????? ????? ??????? ?? ??? ??????. " ??????? ???????? " ???, ??? ??????, ??? ?????? ???? ????? ? ??????? ??????? ^[20]^[21]^[22].

??????? ????????? ?????? ????? ????? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ^[23]^[24]. ?????? ??????? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????, ??????? ?? ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ^[24]. ????????? ????? ????? ???????? , ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ^[25]^[26].

????? ?? ?????? ????????? ?????? ????? ??????? (?????) ??? ????? ???? ?? ???? ????? ????? . ??????? ???? ?? ??????? "???? ????" ??????????? ?????? ????? ???????? ???? ???????? ???????? ^[27]. ????? ?????????? ?? ???????? ?? ?????? , ????? ??????, ??????? ?????????? ????? ?????? "?????? ???????? ?????", ??? ?? "?????? ??????? ?????" ?? ????? ?????? ???, ????? ?"????? ????? ??????? ????????" ?? ??????? ??????? ?? ???? ?-1918 ^[28].

??????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

????? ???? ????? ???? ???? . ??? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ????? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ????? , ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ?????? ???????? ?? ??? ?????? ^[29]. ?????? ????? ???? ??????? ???, ????? ??????, ????? ?????? ????????, ????? ??? ?????? ?? ??? 1879 ^[30].

??????? ??????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

???? ??????? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ????????, ?????? ???? ??????? ?????? ?? ??? ??????? ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ??? ? ?????? ????????, ??? ?????? ???? ????? ?????, ??????? ?????? ?????? ???? ??????? ???????? ????? ?????. ????? ?? ??????? ?? ????????? ?????? ???? ??????? ^[31].

???????? ????'????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

????? ??????, ?? ???????? ????'????? ?????. ?????? ? ??? ???? ???, ???? ??? ???? ?????, ????? ? ???? ??????? ???????? ????? ^[32].

????? ?????? ?????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

????? ?????? ??? ?? ? ??????? ?????? . ??????? ????????? ??????? ?? ? ?????? ?????, ????? ?- 1881 ? ??????? "? ????? ???? ", ?????????? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ????????????? .

??????? ???????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

???? ?????? ????? ????? ??????? ?? 1873 ? ??????????

????? ?????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

^ Musson (1959)
^ "What history teaches us about the welfare state" . The Washington Post . 29 ??????? 2011 . ???? ?- 10 ??????? 2011 . {{ cite web }}: ( ???? )
^ Richardson (2007) p. 131
^ White (2011) p. 17
^ Oberholtzer, A History of the United States Since the Civil War (1926) 3:79?122
^ Unger (1964) ch 8
^ Loomis (1968), pp. 219?220, 224?225
^ Wheeler (1973), p. 81.
^ Loomis (1968), pp. 119?120.
^ Masur (1970), p. 65.
^ Charles Poor Kindleberger, Historical Economics: Art or Science? Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1990; pg. 321.
^ ¹ ² Paul Kleppner, "The Greenback and Prohibition Parties," in Arthur M. Schlesinger (ed.), History of U.S. Political Parties: Volume II, 1860-1910, The Gilded Age of Politics. New York: Chelsea House/R.R. Bowker Co., 1973; pg. 1556.
^ Lord Keynes (2012-01-26). "Social Democracy for the 21st Century: A Post Keynesian Perspective: US Unemployment, 1869?1899" . Socialdemocracy21stcentury.blogspot.com . ???? ?- 2013-12-08 .
^ Rezneck (1950)
^ Among the lumbering firms that failed were the Danaher & Melendy Company and Oliver O. Stanchfield of Ludington, Michigan , and Cushman, Calkins & Company and Tyson, Sweet & Company of Manistee, Michigan . History of Manistee, Mason and Oceana Counties, Michigan (1882), "History of Mason County", p. 50, and "History of Manistee County", pp. 52, 53 (separate pagination).
^ Loomis (1968), pp. 241?243.
^ ???? ????????? ?? 1873 , ???? ???? , 6 ???????? 2008
^ Masur (1970), pp. 63?65.
^ Charles Savoie, ( ?????? 2005 ). "Monetary Madhouse" . Silver-Investor.com. ????? ?- ????? ?-2012-02-27 . ???? ?- 10 ??????? 2011 . {{ cite web }}: ( ???? ) ?????? - ?????: extra punctuation ( link )
^ Manchester (1968), p. 135.
^ Marek (1974), pp. 181?182.
^ Masur (1970), pp. 64?65.
^ Marek (1974), pp. 182?183.
^ ¹ ² Masur (1970), pp. 74?75.
^ Marek (1974), p. 182.
^ Masur (1970), pp. 75?76.
^ ???? ????? , ??????? ????? - ?????? ??????? ???? ????? - 1743 - 1933 , ???? ??????? ??? ?????, ????? ????, 2004; ??' 210.
^ ???? ?????, ??????? ????? , ??' 213-212.
^ The economic development of the American nation, p. 356, Reginald Charles McGrane, Ginn & Co., Boston 1950.
^ W. B Sutch, The long depression, 1865?1895 (1957)
^ Park, Young Goo (1997). "Depression and capital formation: The United Kingdom and Germany, 1873?96". Journal of European Economic History . 26 (3): 511?534.
^ Pamuk, Sevket (1984). "The Ottoman Empire in the 'Great Depression' of 1873?1896". Journal of Economic History . 44 (1): 107?118. doi : 10.1017/S0022050700031399 .

[1] Musson (1959)

[2] "What history teaches us about the welfare state" . The Washington Post . 29 ??????? 2011 . ???? ?- 10 ??????? 2011 . {{ cite web }}: ( ???? )

[3] Richardson (2007) p. 131

[4] White (2011) p. 17

[5] Oberholtzer, A History of the United States Since the Civil War (1926) 3:79?122

[6] Unger (1964) ch 8

[7] Loomis (1968), pp. 219?220, 224?225

[8] Wheeler (1973), p. 81.

[9] Loomis (1968), pp. 119?120.

[10] Masur (1970), p. 65.

[11] Charles Poor Kindleberger, Historical Economics: Art or Science? Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1990; pg. 321.

[Kleppner1556-12] ¹ ² Paul Kleppner, "The Greenback and Prohibition Parties," in Arthur M. Schlesinger (ed.), History of U.S. Political Parties: Volume II, 1860-1910, The Gilded Age of Politics. New York: Chelsea House/R.R. Bowker Co., 1973; pg. 1556.

[13] Lord Keynes (2012-01-26). "Social Democracy for the 21st Century: A Post Keynesian Perspective: US Unemployment, 1869?1899" . Socialdemocracy21stcentury.blogspot.com . ???? ?- 2013-12-08 .

[14] Rezneck (1950)

[15] Among the lumbering firms that failed were the Danaher & Melendy Company and Oliver O. Stanchfield of Ludington, Michigan , and Cushman, Calkins & Company and Tyson, Sweet & Company of Manistee, Michigan . History of Manistee, Mason and Oceana Counties, Michigan (1882), "History of Mason County", p. 50, and "History of Manistee County", pp. 52, 53 (separate pagination).

[16] Loomis (1968), pp. 241?243.

[17] ???? ????????? ?? 1873 , ???? ???? , 6 ???????? 2008

[18] Masur (1970), pp. 63?65.

[madhouse-19] Charles Savoie, ( ?????? 2005 ). "Monetary Madhouse" . Silver-Investor.com. ????? ?- ????? ?-2012-02-27 . ???? ?- 10 ??????? 2011 . {{ cite web }}: ( ???? ) ?????? - ?????: extra punctuation ( link )

[20] Manchester (1968), p. 135.

[21] Marek (1974), pp. 181?182.

[22] Masur (1970), pp. 64?65.

[23] Marek (1974), pp. 182?183.

[Masur_1970,_pp._74–75-24] ¹ ² Masur (1970), pp. 74?75.

[25] Marek (1974), p. 182.

[26] Masur (1970), pp. 75?76.

[27] ???? ????? , ??????? ????? - ?????? ??????? ???? ????? - 1743 - 1933 , ???? ??????? ??? ?????, ????? ????, 2004; ??' 210.

[28] ???? ?????, ??????? ????? , ??' 213-212.

[29] The economic development of the American nation, p. 356, Reginald Charles McGrane, Ginn & Co., Boston 1950.

[30] W. B Sutch, The long depression, 1865?1895 (1957)

[31] Park, Young Goo (1997). "Depression and capital formation: The United Kingdom and Germany, 1873?96". Journal of European Economic History . 26 (3): 511?534.

[32] Pamuk, Sevket (1984). "The Ottoman Empire in the 'Great Depression' of 1873?1896". Journal of Economic History . 44 (1): 107?118. doi : 10.1017/S0022050700031399 .

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