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?????? ???? ??????
Partij voor de Vrijheid
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?? ????	Partij voor de Vrijheid
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???????????	???????? ???? ; ??????????? ; ??????? ?????? ; ???????
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????? ???? ????????	???? ??????
??????? ??????????	International Freedom Alliance
????? ??????	????, ??? ?????
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??? ??????? ?? ?????	37 / 150
??????? ???????	4 / 705
	pvv.nl

?????? ???? ?????? ?? PVV (? ??????? : P artij v oor de V rijheid) ??? ????? ? ????? . ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ? ???? ??????? ?? ????????? ??????. ^[8]^[9]^[10]^[11]^[12]

???????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

????? ?- 2005 ?????? ?????? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ???? ???????. ???? 2006 ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ???? ????? ??????? ?????? ? ?????? .
??????? ??????? ???? 2010 ???? ?-24 ?????? ????? ?????? ??????. ??? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ?????? ???? ???? , ??? ???? ??????. ???? ?????? 2012 ??? ???? ?? ?????? ???? ??????? ????? ?????? ???????.

??????? ??????? ??????? ?? ????? ?- 2014 ????? ?-PVV ????? ?????? ?? 630,139 ?????, ?????? ????? ???? 26 ??????? (????? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ??????? ???????? ?? 713,767 ?????, ?????? " ???????? 66 ").

? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?- 15 ???? 2017 ???? ?????? ?-20 ??????, ???? ????? ???-????????? ??????, ^[13] ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???????.

? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?-22 ??????? 2023 ???? ????? ?????? ???? ????, ?? 23.5% ??????? ?-37 ?????? (????? 17 ??????? ???????), ?? ?? ?????? ?????? ??? ???? ?? ????? ??? ???? ???? ????????? ??????? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? - ????? ??????? . ???? ???????, ???? ????? ?????, ??? ??????? ?? ?-PVV ????? ??? ??? ??????? ? ???? ??????? ???? ?-PVV ???? ??????. ^[14] ?-15 ???? 2024 ???? ???? ?????????? ??? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ( VVD , NSC ?- BBB ). ?? ??? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ??????. ^[15]

??? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

??????????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

???? ??????? ?? ?-PVV ??????? ???? ??? ? ???? ????????? . ?????? ???? ??????? ???????????? ??? ??????? ???????? ???? ??????? ??? ?????? ????????? ???" ???? ????? ?" ???????? ??? ???? ????, ?? ???? ????? ?? ? ????? , ????? ? ???? ". ^[16] ?????? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ??????? ??? ?????? , ?? ?? ??????? ??????? ??????? ??? ????? ????. ^[17]^[18]^[19] ????? ??? ??? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ???? ???????? ????. ^[20]^[21] ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ????????? ??????? , ????? ????? ?????? ? ????? ??????? ???????.

???? ?????? ????????? ?? ?????????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?"??????????, ???? ????? ?? ??????? ??? ????????, ?? ?????? ??? ????????". ^[22]

??????? ?????? ??????? ???? ??? ?????? ??? ???? ????????? ?? ????? ????. ??? ?????? ?????? ???? ?????? ???????? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ???? ??????, ?/?? ????????? ?/?? ????-??????? . ^[23]^[24]^[25]^[26]

????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

?????? ???????? ?????? ???? ? ????? , ????? ? ??-??????? , ? ?????? ??????? . ?? ?? ??????, ?????? ?????? ?????????? , ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?? ???? ?????? ????? ?? ????? (?????, ?????, ?????). ^[27] ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ??, ??? ????? ??????????? ?????????. ^[28] ???? ????, ?? ?? ??? ??????? ?? ??????, ???? ???? ?? "?????? ????????", ?"???? ???? ?? ??????". ^[27] ??? ?????? 2007, ?????? ???? ?????? ?? ? ????? . ^[27] ?????? ????? ?????? ???? 1 ?????, ????? ?? ?? ??????? ?????? ????? ????? ???? ??? ??? ??????, ????? ????? ?? ?????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???????????. ^[29] ?????? ????? ????? ????? ??????? ????? ???????, ??? ?????? ???? ?????? ??????? , ???? ?????? ??? ?????? ?? ?????? . ??? ?? ?????? ?????? ???? ?????? ?????.

??????? ??????? ???? ??????, ??????? ????????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???? ?????, ?? ?? ????? ???????. ^[30] ??, ????, ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??? ???? ???? ???? ? ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ???????, ?????? ??????? ?? ????. ??? ??? ?????? ????? ?????? ???? ?? ??? ????? ??????? ??????, ???? ?????? ???????.

???????? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ??????????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ????? ??? ????? ??????? ?? ??????. ?? ?? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ???????, ???? ????? ??????? ??????? ?????????? ?? ??????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ????? ????? ?????????. ^[31] ?????? ?????? ?????? ????????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ???????? ??????. ????? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ??????, ???? ?-PVV ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ????????? ??????? ???? ??? ?????? ????????? ??????? ??????. ^[32]???? ???? ?? ????? ??????? ???? ???????? ???? ?? ????? ?? ?-PVV ???? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ???? ??????? ??????? ???????-??????????? ????? ? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ???? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ????????, ??????? ???? ???????? ??????? ????? ? ????? ?????????-???? ?-2014, ??????? ?????? ????????? ?????? ???????. ?? ???, ????? ????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ?? ???? 17 ?? ????? ????????? ????? ?????? ?? ????????? ????. ^[32] ????? ??????? ??????? ?????? 2023, ???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ?????????. ^[33] ????? ? ????? ???????-??????? ?????? ???? ? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ????? "?????? ????????? ?????? ??????? ?? ???". ^[34] ?????? ????? ?????? ????????? , ????? ???????? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??????? ????? ?????? ????????. ^[35]

??????? ??????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

??? ??????? ?? ?????
??? ??????	??"? ?????	% ??? ???????	??????	?????
2006	579,490	5.9%	9 / 150
2010	1,435,349	15.5%	24 / 150	15
2012	950,263	10.1%	15 / 150	9
2017	1,372,941	13%	20 / 150	5
2021	1,124,482	10.79%	17 / 150	3
2023	2,377,551 (???? ?????)	23.5%	37 / 150	20

??????? ???????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

???? ?????? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ? ??????????

??? ???????? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ?????? (????????)

????? ?????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

^
?????? ???????? ? ?????:?-????
?????? ???? [ ???? ] ????? , Dutch Muslims worried about Islamophobic Wilders' election victory , 2023
^
?????? ???????? ? ?????:?-????
?????? ???? [ ???? ] ????? , Far-right Islamophobe Wilders wins Dutch election , EUobserver , 2023
^
?????? ???????? ? ?????:?-????
?????? ???? [ ???? ] ????? , How Geert Wilders Became America’s Favorite Islamophobe , Foreign Policy , 2017
^ ???? ???, The Election Result That Shook the World: How the anti-Muslim Far Right Triumphed in the Netherlands , ???? , 2023
^
?????? ???????? ? ?????:?-????
?????? ???? [ ???? ] ????? , Far-right Dutch politician faces discrimination charges , 2014
^
?????? ???????? ? ?????:?-????
?????? ???? [ ???? ] ????? , Netherlands: Far-Right 'Party for Freedom' Wins Elections , ????? , 2023
^
?????? ???????? ? ?????:?-????
?????? ???? [ ???? ] ????? , Freethinkers' Space , 2010
^ Carl C Berning, Conrad Ziller, Social trust and radical right-wing populist party preferences , Acta Politica, ‏08 June 2017
^ Simon Otjes, Gilles Ivaldi, Anders Ravik Jupskas, Oscar Mazzoleni, It's not Economic Interventionism, Stupid! Reassessing the Political Economy of Radical Right-wing Populist Parties (??' 270-290), SPSR, Volume24, Issue3, September 2018
^ Peer Scheepers, Michael Savelkoul, Why lower educated people are more likely to cast their vote for radical right parties: Testing alternative explanations in The Netherlands (??' 544?573), Acta Politica, Volume 52, ‏29 November 2016
^ Sjoerdje Charlotte van Heerden, Wouter van der Brug, Demonisation and electoral support for populist radical right parties: A temporary effect (??' 36-45), Electoral Studies, Volume 47, ‏June 2017
^ The Netherlands , popu-list
^ ???? ??????? , ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ??? ???: ????? ???-??????????? ?????? , ???? ???? , 30 ??????? 2016
^ Wilders' Dutch nationalist party claims parliament chair for first time , ?????? , ‏December 14, 2023
^ PVV, VVD, NSC en BBB bereiken akkoord, moeten nog verder praten over premier , nos.nl, ‏2024-05-15 (????????)
^ Een Nieuw-realistische visie , ??? ?????? ??????? ? Wayback Machine , ‏2009-10-04
^ Door NU nl/Martin Kuiper en Lucas Benschop, Wilders:'Wij zijn niet xenofoob of racistisch' , NU, ‏2010-05-25 (????????)
^ "PVV en extreem-rechts" , ??? ??????, ??????? WayBack Machine, ‏2012-07-09
^ Onderzoekers verklaren PVV 'extreemrechts' , de Volkskrant , 10 december 2008
^ Wilders en extreemrechts hebben meer met elkaar gemeen dan hem lief is - Joop - BNNVARA , Joop (????????)
^ Kafka, Extreemrechtse wortels Raymond de Roon - PVV , Kafka, ‏2010-04-19 (??)
^ Partij voor de Vrijheid (PVV) , ???? ?????? ????????? ?? ?????????? ????? (????????)
^ New Dutch government takes shape, showing far-right influence - CNN.com , www.cnn.com (???????)
^ Elsevier.nl - Buitenlandse media vooral opgewonden over Wilders , web.archive.org, ‏2013-11-02
^ Pays-Bas : negociations avec l'extreme droite , Le Figaro, ‏2010-07-29 (???????)
^ Times, The New York (2017-03-15). "Populists Appear to Fall Short in Dutch Election, Amid High Turnout" . The New York Times (??????? ????????). ISSN 0362-4331 . ???? ?- 2023-12-16 .
^ ¹ ² ³ "PVV-verkiezingsprogramma 2010-2015" (PDF) .
^ "PVV-verkiezingsprogramma 2010-2015" (PDF) .
^ ????? ??????? 2006 , ???? ??????, ????? ?-Wayback Machine, ‏2008-04-11
^ De PVV is best sociaal, maar wel selectief ( ????? 13.03.2017 ??????? Wayback Machine ) , NRC Handelsblad , 12 maart 2017 (ism. Parlementair Documentatiecentrum)
^ "PVV: EU-droom is nu nachtmerrie" (????????). NOS. 19 ???? 2014 . ?????? ?- 3 ??????? 2015 . ???? ?- 26 ???? 2014 . {{ cite news }}: ( ???? )
^ ¹ ² "Disagreement among populists in the Netherlands: The diverging rhetorical and policy positions of Dutch populist Radical Right parties following Russia's invasion of Ukraine" (???????). Populism Studies. 4 ???? 2023 . ?????? ?- 21 ??????? 2023 . ???? ?- 21 ??????? 2023 . {{ cite news }}: ( ???? )
^ "Before taking power, Dutch hard-liner Wilders will have to compromise" . Reuters . 23 ??????? 2023 . ?????? ?- 24 ??????? 2023 . ???? ?- 24 ??????? 2023 . {{ cite news }}: ( ???? )
^ [print-edition/news/dutch-anti-islam-mp-israel-is-west-s-first-line-of-defense-1.278293 Dutch anti-Islam MP: 'Israel is West's first line of defense'], ???? , ‏2012-10-25 ( ?????? )
^ PVV: Verplaats EU-ambassade naar Jeruzalem , ????? ??????? ??????? ??????????? ????? (????????)

[1] 
?????? ???????? ? ?????:?-????
?????? ???? [ ???? ] ????? , Dutch Muslims worried about Islamophobic Wilders' election victory , 2023

[2] 
?????? ???????? ? ?????:?-????
?????? ???? [ ???? ] ????? , Far-right Islamophobe Wilders wins Dutch election , EUobserver , 2023

[3] 
?????? ???????? ? ?????:?-????
?????? ???? [ ???? ] ????? , How Geert Wilders Became America’s Favorite Islamophobe , Foreign Policy , 2017

[4] ???? ???, The Election Result That Shook the World: How the anti-Muslim Far Right Triumphed in the Netherlands , ???? , 2023

[5] 
?????? ???????? ? ?????:?-????
?????? ???? [ ???? ] ????? , Far-right Dutch politician faces discrimination charges , 2014

[6] 
?????? ???????? ? ?????:?-????
?????? ???? [ ???? ] ????? , Netherlands: Far-Right 'Party for Freedom' Wins Elections , ????? , 2023

[7] 
?????? ???????? ? ?????:?-????
?????? ???? [ ???? ] ????? , Freethinkers' Space , 2010

[8] Carl C Berning, Conrad Ziller, Social trust and radical right-wing populist party preferences , Acta Politica, ‏08 June 2017

[9] Simon Otjes, Gilles Ivaldi, Anders Ravik Jupskas, Oscar Mazzoleni, It's not Economic Interventionism, Stupid! Reassessing the Political Economy of Radical Right-wing Populist Parties (??' 270-290), SPSR, Volume24, Issue3, September 2018

[10] Peer Scheepers, Michael Savelkoul, Why lower educated people are more likely to cast their vote for radical right parties: Testing alternative explanations in The Netherlands (??' 544?573), Acta Politica, Volume 52, ‏29 November 2016

[11] Sjoerdje Charlotte van Heerden, Wouter van der Brug, Demonisation and electoral support for populist radical right parties: A temporary effect (??' 36-45), Electoral Studies, Volume 47, ‏June 2017

[12] The Netherlands , popu-list

[13] ???? ??????? , ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ??? ???: ????? ???-??????????? ?????? , ???? ???? , 30 ??????? 2016

[14] Wilders' Dutch nationalist party claims parliament chair for first time , ?????? , ‏December 14, 2023

[15] PVV, VVD, NSC en BBB bereiken akkoord, moeten nog verder praten over premier , nos.nl, ‏2024-05-15 (????????)

[16] Een Nieuw-realistische visie , ??? ?????? ??????? ? Wayback Machine , ‏2009-10-04

[17] Door NU nl/Martin Kuiper en Lucas Benschop, Wilders:'Wij zijn niet xenofoob of racistisch' , NU, ‏2010-05-25 (????????)

[18] "PVV en extreem-rechts" , ??? ??????, ??????? WayBack Machine, ‏2012-07-09

[19] Onderzoekers verklaren PVV 'extreemrechts' , de Volkskrant , 10 december 2008

[20] Wilders en extreemrechts hebben meer met elkaar gemeen dan hem lief is - Joop - BNNVARA , Joop (????????)

[21] Kafka, Extreemrechtse wortels Raymond de Roon - PVV , Kafka, ‏2010-04-19 (??)

[22] Partij voor de Vrijheid (PVV) , ???? ?????? ????????? ?? ?????????? ????? (????????)

[23] New Dutch government takes shape, showing far-right influence - CNN.com , www.cnn.com (???????)

[24] Elsevier.nl - Buitenlandse media vooral opgewonden over Wilders , web.archive.org, ‏2013-11-02

[25] Pays-Bas : negociations avec l'extreme droite , Le Figaro, ‏2010-07-29 (???????)

[26] Times, The New York (2017-03-15). "Populists Appear to Fall Short in Dutch Election, Amid High Turnout" . The New York Times (??????? ????????). ISSN 0362-4331 . ???? ?- 2023-12-16 .

[VerkiezingsProgrammaPVV-27] ¹ ² ³ "PVV-verkiezingsprogramma 2010-2015" (PDF) .

[VerkiezingsProgrammaPVV2-28] "PVV-verkiezingsprogramma 2010-2015" (PDF) .

[29] ????? ??????? 2006 , ???? ??????, ????? ?-Wayback Machine, ‏2008-04-11

[30] De PVV is best sociaal, maar wel selectief ( ????? 13.03.2017 ??????? Wayback Machine ) , NRC Handelsblad , 12 maart 2017 (ism. Parlementair Documentatiecentrum)

[31] "PVV: EU-droom is nu nachtmerrie" (????????). NOS. 19 ???? 2014 . ?????? ?- 3 ??????? 2015 . ???? ?- 26 ???? 2014 . {{ cite news }}: ( ???? )

[populism-32] ¹ ² "Disagreement among populists in the Netherlands: The diverging rhetorical and policy positions of Dutch populist Radical Right parties following Russia's invasion of Ukraine" (???????). Populism Studies. 4 ???? 2023 . ?????? ?- 21 ??????? 2023 . ???? ?- 21 ??????? 2023 . {{ cite news }}: ( ???? )

[33] "Before taking power, Dutch hard-liner Wilders will have to compromise" . Reuters . 23 ??????? 2023 . ?????? ?- 24 ??????? 2023 . ???? ?- 24 ??????? 2023 . {{ cite news }}: ( ???? )

[34] [print-edition/news/dutch-anti-islam-mp-israel-is-west-s-first-line-of-defense-1.278293 Dutch anti-Islam MP: 'Israel is West's first line of defense'], ???? , ‏2012-10-25 ( ?????? )

[35] PVV: Verplaats EU-ambassade naar Jeruzalem , ????? ??????? ??????? ??????????? ????? (????????)

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