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????? ????? (? ????? : ????? ????? ), ???? ?? ??? ????? ?????-???? , ??? ???? ???????? ?????? ?? ???? ? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ?? ?-500,000 ??"? ? ???? ??? ??? ??? ????? ?? ????? . ^{[????? ?????]} ????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ^[1]^[2].

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????? ????? ???? ????? ? ?????? , ?????, ????? , ???? ? ??? ??????? . ??? ???? ?? ??? ???? ? ???? ????? ??? ? ???? , ????? ???? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ?? ????? ???????? ???????? ?? ??? ??? ???. ???? ? ??? ???? , ?????? ????? ????? ?????, ???? ? ???? ???? . ????? ??? ??????? ????? ????? ????? ????? ?? ??????? , ?????? ??? ????? ??? ???????? ????? ??? ????? ???? ?? ??? ????. ???? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ???? ??-???? (Al-Hamad) ^[3]. ????? ????? ????? ??? ????? ? ???? ????? .

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?????? ???????? ??? ????? ????? ????? ?? ??? ????? ?????? . ????? ???? ????? ???????? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ????????? ????? ????? ???? ????. ????? ????? ????? ????? ?-12,000 ?????? ?????? ? ??? ????-????? ?????. ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ? ???????? ?? ??? ?????????? ?????? ???? ???? ?-1 ? ???? ?-4 ?????? ^[4]^[5].

?- 1915 , ??????? ?? ????? ????? ??????? , ??? ???? ????'????, ?????? ??????, ?????? ?????? ???? ?????? ? ???? ????? ????? ?????. ??? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ??-25 ?????, ??? ??? ???? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ^[6].

????? ????? ????? ???? ????? ????? ??? ????? ????? ? ?????? ?????????. ???? ?????? ?? ?????, ????? ???? ? ???? ??-???? ???????, ??? ????? ??????? ? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ????'? ???? ????? ????????? ???? ? ??? ???? ?? ?????'? (7 ??????? - 23 ?????? 2004 ). ??? ???? ????? ????? ???? ????? ????? ???? ? ?????? ???????? ? ????? ???? ????? ? ????? ??? ?????? ???? ????? ? ???? ????? ^[2]^[7]^[8].

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^ ????? ????? ? ??? www.mahalo.com.
^ ¹ ² ????? ????? ???? www.archive.org .
^ ???? ??-???? ???? ???????????? ???????? .
^ William V.Harris, Ancient Literacy , Harvard University Press, p. 189
^ ?????? ?????? ????? ??? .
^ ??? ??? ??? ??????
^ ‏ Situation Called Dire in West Iraq - ???? ???? ?????????? ???? , 11 ??????? 2006
^ ‏ U.S. Will Reinforce Troops in West Iraq - ???? ???? ?????????? ????, 30 ???? 2006.

[1] ????? ????? ? ??? www.mahalo.com.

[ארכיון-2] ¹ ² ????? ????? ???? www.archive.org .

[3] ???? ??-???? ???? ???????????? ???????? .

[4] William V.Harris, Ancient Literacy , Harvard University Press, p. 189

[5] ?????? ?????? ????? ??? .

[6] ??? ??? ??? ??????

[7] ‏ Situation Called Dire in West Iraq - ???? ???? ?????????? ???? , 11 ??????? 2006

[8] ‏ U.S. Will Reinforce Troops in West Iraq - ???? ???? ?????????? ????, 30 ???? 2006.

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]