한국   대만   중국   일본 
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????? ?????? , ????? ?? ??? ???? ???????? , ??? ????? ???????? ??????? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ??? ??????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? . ????? ?????? ???? ?????? , ?????? ???????? , ????? ?????? ??????, ??????, ?????? ????, ??????? ?????????? ??????. ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??-????????. ????, ???? ??????? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ?????? ???? ??????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?????? [1] ??????? ????. ???? ????????, ???? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ??????? ?? ????? ??? ????? ????? ??????? ??????? [2] .

??? "????? ??????" ???? ???????? ????? ??????? ???? ?? ?? ???, ????? ?????? ??????? ??? ? ????? ????? ("????? ????"), ????? ?????? ????, ?? ????? ??????? ("????? ??????"), ?????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ????????.

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"????? ??????" ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ??????. ??????? ??? ???? ???? ??? ???????? ??? ?????? ???? ??????? ??? ????? ??, ??? ??? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??????. ?? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ??????? ?? ???? ???? ???. ????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??? ??? ?????? [3] . ?????? ????? ???????? ?? ???? ??? (Commission on Private Philanthropy and Public Needs) ?-1976, ????? ??????????? ????? ??????? ???????? ??? ???? ???? ? ?????????? ??? , ???? ?? ????? ??????? ??????: ??????? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? [3] . ?? ? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ????? ?????? ???????? ??? ???? ???? ?-1978.

????? ?????? ??? ????? ??? ???? ????? ??? ???? ??????? ??????? ????????, ?????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ????? [4] .

??????? ????? ?????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

????? ?????? ??????? ?????, ?????? ???????? ???? ????? ????? ??? ??????. ???????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ????. ????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ???? ?????? ?? ???????? [5] :

  1. ??? ???????: ???? ??????? ??? ?????? ?? ??? ?????? ????? ??????????? ???????. ??????? ??????? ???????: ????????????, ??? ?????, ??? ??????, ????? ???? ??????? ??????? ?????.
  2. ?????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?????????. ??????? ??????? ??????: ??????? ?????? ?? ??????, ??????? ?????????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ?????.
  3. ??????? ??????? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????, ??????????? ?? ???? ????? ????.

????? ????? ??????? ?????? ????? ???? ??????? ???????? ?? ????? ??????: ??????? ????????, ??????? ??????, ??????? ???????, ??????? ????? ?????? ??????, ??????? ??? ??? ???? ???????? ??? ???? ????? ???????? ??????, ???? ??????, ??????? ??????? ??????? ?? ??????, ?????? ????????? ?? ??????? ???? ???? ?? ????? [6] . ??????? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ???? ????? ???. ???? ?????? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ???? ??????? ?????? ???????? ????? ?????? (??????).

??????? ????? ???? ????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

????? ??????? [7] ????? ????? ????????? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ????? ??????:

  1. ????? ??????
  2. ???? ?????? ??????
  3. ??? ????? ??????
  4. ??? ???????? ??????? ????? ?????? ??????? ??????
  5. ??? ????? ????????? ?? ????????

????? ??? ??????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

????? ?????? ???????, ????? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???? ?????? ????. ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ??????? ??? ????? ???????, ???? ??????, ????? ????? ?? ??????? ????? ?? ???????. ????? ???? ???? ?????? ??????? ????? ????. ???? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ??????? ?????????? ???? ??????? ?????? ?? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ???????? ????? ???????? ?? ?????? [8] .

???????? ??? ??????? ???? ?????? ???? ???????: [9] [10]

  • ????? ????? ?????? . ??????? ??????? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ?? ???????? ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ???????. ?? ????? ?? ????? ???????? ???? ?????? ??????? ??? ???? ???? ???????? ??????. ????? ???? ?? ???? ?-21, ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ???????.
  • ????????? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ????? ?????? ???? ?? ?????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ?????????, ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ??????.
  • ????? ?? ???????? ????????? ?? ??? ????? ?? ???? ??????? ??? ???????. ??? ???? ???? ??????, ?????? ?????? ??????? ????? ???? ????? ???????, ??????? ??????.
  • ?????? ?????????? ????? ?? ????? ????? ?????. ??????? ??????? ?????????? ????? ????????? ??? ?????? ?? ??????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????? ????????? [11] .
  • ???????? ?? ????? ??????? ???? ??????? ?????????? ?????? ??? ????? ??????? ??????? ????????? ?? ????? ???????. ??? ?????? ?????? ??? ?? ???? ??? ???? ??????? ????? ?????. ???????? ???-?????? ?? ????? ??????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??? ??? ????? [12] .

??????? ???????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

???? ??????? ???????? ????? ???????, ???? ???? ????????? ????????. ???????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ?????-???????. ? ????? ??????? , ???? ????-????, ??? ???? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ?? ???????; ???? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ????????. ???? ?????? ??????? ????????????? ??? ???? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ??????? ????? ???? ?? ???? ????? ??? ??? ?????. ?????? ???, ????????? ????????? ???? ?? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ??? ????? ???? ????? ?? ?????????; ?????? ????? ???? ????? ????? ?? ??????? ???????? [13] .

?? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ????? ?????? ???? ??????, ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??? ??????? ?? ????? [4] ??????? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ??? ??????? [6] .

?????? ??????, ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ?? ????? ??????, ??? ?????, ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????. ?? ????? ????? ???? ????????? ??????? [14] [15] :

  • ????? ???????-??????? ? ???? ??????? ????? ?????? ??????. ????? ?????? ??? ????? ???? ??????? ????? ??????? ??????? ????? ?????. ?????? ????? ?????? ??????? ????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ???????. ?? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ???????? ?? ?????? ??????? ?? ?????? ??????? ????.
  • ????? ??????? ? ???? ??????? ???? ???? ???????. ?? ?? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ???????. ??? ??????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ???????. ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ?? ?????? ??????? ????? ????? ??????.
  • ????? ??????? ? ???? ????? ???? ???????? ??????? ?????. ??????? ??? ????????, ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ???????? ???????? ??????? ???????? ????? ????? ?????. ?????? ???????? ?????? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ??? ???????? ???? ???????? ????? ??????? ???????. ??????? ??? ????? ?????? ????, ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ????. ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???????.
  • ????? ????? ? ????? ???? ???????? ???? ?????? ??????. ?? ?? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???????, ???? ????? ?????? ??? ??????. ???? ???? ?????? ?????????? ??????? ???? ?????? ??????? ??????? ????.

????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

??????? ????? ???????? ????-???????? ???????????, ????? ?????? ?????? ??????, ??? ????? ?-40,000. ??????? ????? ????? ???? ???????? ????-???????? ???? ????? ????? ?????, ??? ????????. (?????? ??????? ??? 277,000 ???????, ?????? 3.3 ?????? ? ???? ?????? ??? 400 ?????? ?????) [ ???? ???? ] . ??????? ???-???????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??? ?????? ????????, ??????? ????? ??????? [16] .

?????? ????? ????? ????? ??????? ??????? ?????, ???????? ???? ???????? ????? ????? ????? ???"? ???????? ???????? ?????. ?????????? ???? ???????? ??? ???????? ??????? ??? ???? ??????? ?????????? ??? ?????. ?? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ???????? ???, ????? ??? ?????? ? ????? ???????? , ? ????????? ????? ?????? ??????? ? ???? ???????? , ?????? ???? , ???? ????, ? ??????? . ????? ?? ??? ?? ??????? ????????? ?? ?????? ????? ????-?????, ??????? ?????????? ?? ???????? ???? ???????? ????? ??? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????????? [17] .

????? ?????? ?????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

? ????? , ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????? ? ?????? ?????? , ???? ???? ?? ?????? ???'?????? , ?????? ???????? , ????? ??"? , ??????? ?????????? ????. ???? ???? ??????, ????? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ???????, ??????, ??????, ?????? ??????, ????? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ?????. ??? ???? ??????? ?? ???? ?-20, ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ????????? ??? ??????? ???? ???? ?????, ??????? ?? ?????? ????? ????? ???????.

???? 2007 ??? ?????? 43,000 ??????, ?? ?? ????? ????? ??????? ???? ????? ?????? ? ?????????? ??-?????? [18] , ???? 2011 ??? ?????? 34,398 ??????? ??? ????? ???? [19] . ?-2016 ??? ?????? 39,327 ??????? ?????? ?? ?? ????? ????? ??? 13,000 ?????? ???????? ? ??? ??????? [20] [21] .

?????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

???? 2012 ???? ?????? 35,974 ??????? ?????? ?-11 ????? ?????? ???????: ??????? ???????? ? 1,067; ????? ?????? ? 296 ; ?????? ?????? ? 2,239, ??????? ?????????? ? 261 ; ?????? ? 899 ; ?? ? 9,149 ; ????? ????? ? 7,059 ; ?????????? ? 1,754 ; ????? ? 5,293 ; ????? ?????? ? 1,218 ; ????? ????? ? 6,265 ; ??? ? 474 [19] .

??? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??? ?? ?? ?????? ???? ????????? ???? ???? ?? ?????? [22] :

?????? ????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

???? 2016 ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ???: ?????? ?????? ? 50.3%; ??????? ?????? ??????? ? 34.1%; ?????? ???"? ? 7.8% ??????? ????? ???, ?????? ?????? 6.9%. ?????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ???? ????? ???? ?? ????? ????? 2017?2018 [23] . ?? ?? ????? ???? ????? ?-2008, ?-2002 ?????? ???? ???????? ????? ?? 2.2 ??????? ?"? (2005), ???? ??????? ?-3.2 ??????? ?"? (2002), ????? ????? ?? ????? 160 ?????? ?"? (2006) [24] . ?? ?? ????? ???? ???? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ? ?????? ?????? ??? ???? ???? ??????? ?-22 ?????? ??????? [25] . ???? 2009 ???? ????"??? ????? 5.9% ? ????? ?????? ?????? , ?-2016 5.3% ?????? 2017 ?-2018 5.4% ????"? [23] .

??? ????? ????? ?????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

??? ?????? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ???? ????????. ???? 2016 ???? ??? 473,000 ??? ??????? ???? 480,000 ??? [23] .

???? ?????? ????? ???????? (???????) ????? ???????? (???????)
????? ????? 48 23.8
????? 5.6 33
????? ????? ?????? 12 2.6
?????? 23.8 11.4
????? ????? 0.3 2
?????? ?????? ????????? 1.1 9.5
?????????? ???????? 1.8 4
?? 5.1 3.5
????? ?????? 1.3 0
??????? ?????????? 0.1 7.9
??????? ???????? 0.7 2.3

???? ?-2013, ??? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ??????? ?? ???? ???????? [18] .

???? ????? ???????? (???????)
?? ???? 33 (19% ?????? ???? ?? ????)
??????? 27
???? 14
???? 8
???? 7
???? 7
???? ????? ??????? 3

???????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

68% ???????? ??????? ????? ?????? ?-2009 ??? ???? ?????? ???? ?????? ?-70% ??????? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ??? 2000 ???? 2009. 91% ????????? ?-2009 ??? ??????. 74% ???? ???? ??? ????? ?????, 8% ??? ????? ???? ??????? ?-2% ????? ????? ????? [18] . ?-61% ?????? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ????? .

???? ????? ???? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

?? ?? ???? ????? ?-2013 ??????????? ?? ?????? ???? ??????? ??????? ??????? ????? ?????? ?????: ???? ?????? ????????? ?? ???? ???? ?? ?? ?????? ??????, ??? ??? ???? ???? ???? ???????? ??? ??? ????. ????? 2000 ?? 2009 ?? ????? ???? ???????? ??????? ????? ?????? ?????? ????-??? ?????? ?????? ????? ??? ?????. 6.4% ???? ???? ??? ???? ????? ??????? ?????. ????? ???? ?????? ???? ??????? ????? ?????? ??? ???? 2009 ?? 4,230 ?"? ????? ?????. ???? 2008 ??? ???? ?????? (???? ?? ???? ?????? ????? ??????? ??????? ???? ???? ?? ???? ???) ????? ??? ?? 0.62 ???? ????? ?? "????? ?????" ?? ????? ????? ?????? ??????. ???? ??????? ??? ????? ??? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ???? ?? 7,904 ?"? ?????? ???? ???? ??????? "??", "?????? ??????" ?"????? ?????" ??? ????? ????? ? ?-3,100 ?????. ??? ?????? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ?????: ???? ?????? ????? ???? 2009 ??? 3,667 ?"? ????? ?????? ???? ??? 5,410 ?"? [18] . ??? ????"??? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??? 17,000 ?"? [26] . ?-2010, ?? ???? ????? ???? ??????? ?? ???????? ????? ???? ?????, ????? ???? ??? ?? 8,777 ?"? [19] .

????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

??????? ????? ?????? ?????? ? ???"??? ????? ??? ?? ??? ???? , ?????? ??? ???? ????? ?? ??? ???? ?? ??????? ??? ?????? ??????, ??????? ?????? ?? ??? ?? ? ?????? ??? ?????? ????????.

? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ??????? ????? ?????? ?"???? ??????", ??????? ????? 9(2) ?????? , ???? ???? ????? ????? ??????? ? "???? ??????? ??, ?????, ?????, ???, ??????, ??? ?? ????? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ?? ????? ????? ???????". ????? ?? ???? ??????, ???? ?? ????? ????, ????? ??? ?????. ?????? ????? ??????, ????? ?????? ??, ??????? ????? ????? ? ?? ????? .

?????? ????????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

??????? ?? ???????? ???? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??? ?????? ??????? ??? ???? ??????? ??????? ????? ?????????? ????????? [17] .

??? ????? ??? ????? , ??? ????? ????? ??? ?-1993 ???? ?????? ???????? ?-2005, ??? ????? ????? ???????? ????????? ????? ?? ??????? ??????? ???????? ?? ??????? ?????? ???? ?????????. ???? ??? ?? "????? ??", ???????? ??????? ??? ???? ???????? ? ???? ? ???? [27] .

??? ???? ??????? ?????? NGO monitor , ?????? ?? ?????? ???????-???? - ??????? ????? ???? ????? ???? ???????? ??? ???????? ???????? ???? ?????? ?????? "????? ?????? (Devoir d'Ingerence)". ????? ???????? ??? ???????? ??????? ??? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????????? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ?? ???"?. ?????? ?????? ?? ???????????? ?? ????? "???? ?????? ??-??????" ????? ? ????? ?????? ?? ???"? , ????? ??????? , ?????? ??????? ?????? ?? ?????? ???????? , ?????? ??????? ??? , ??????? ?????? ???? ?????. ??? ?????? ?? "???"?, ????? ????? ?????? ?????????? ???? ??????? ????????? ?????? ???? ??? ????? ????." [17]

??? ???????, ???? ????? ???? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ??? ?? ?????????, ???? ???????? ????? ???? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?"??????? ?? ????? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ????????", ????: ???? "??????? ?????? ???? ??????, ????? ?????? ?? ?? ?????? (??????????, ???????, ???????, ??????, ????? ????? ????, ??????) ??? ?? ??????? ??????". ??? ?? ???? ???? ???????? ????? ???? ?????? [17] .

????? ?????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

??????? ?????? ???? ??? ????? ????? , ?????? ???? ???????, ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??????, ?????? "?????? ????? ??????" [28] ?? ????? ??????? . ??? ????? ?? ???? ????? ????? ???????? ???? ?? ????????? ?????, ????? ????? ??? ?????? ??????? (?? ?????? ????? ?????), ??? ????? ???????? ????? ????? ????? ????? ???????? ?????. ??????? ???????? ????????? ?"???? ??????": ??? ????? , ?????? "?????" ????????, ??????? ??? ???? ?????? .

??? ?? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

?????? ????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

??????? ???????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

????? ?????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

  1. ^ ???? ?????, ???? ?????-?? ??'??? ??, ?????? ????? ?????? ??????: ????? ??? , ???? ??????? ??' 2018.03, , 2018
  2. ^ Lester M. Salamon, S. Wojtek Sokolowski, The third sector in Europe: Towards a consensus conceptualization , ‏2014
  3. ^ 1 2 Jacques DEFOURNY, Borzaga, C. & J. Defourny (?), From third sector to social enterprise, The Emergence of Social Enterprise , London and New York: Routledge, 2001, ??' 1-18
  4. ^ 1 2 Paul J. DiMaggio, Helmut K. Anheier, The Sociology of Nonprofit Organizations and Sectors , Annual Review of Sociology 16, 1990-8, ??' 137?159 doi : 10.1146/annurev.so.16.080190.001033
  5. ^ ???? ?????, ?????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ????????? ?????? ????? - ??"? ???? , ????? ???? ????? ??????, 2003
  6. ^ 1 2 ???? ?????????, ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? , ?????? ??????? 82, 2010, ??' 111-79
  7. ^ Salamon, L.M., Anheier, H.K. (1992). Toward an Understanding of the International Nonprofit Sector. The Johns Hopkins Comp. Nonprofit Sector - Project Series- No.1
  8. ^ Frank Moulaert, Oana Ailenei, Social Economy, Third Sector and Solidarity Relations: A Conceptual Synthesis from History to Present , Urban Studies 42, 2005-10, ??' 2037?2053 doi : 10.1080/00420980500279794
  9. ^ ?? ???? (?), ????? ?????, ????? ??????? ??????? ??????: ??????, ????? ??????? , ???????, 2008
  10. ^ ???? ?????, ???? ?????, ????? ?????? ????? ??????, ?????? ????????? ??? ?????? , ???????: ???"?, ????? ?????, 2007
  11. ^ Ananya Mukherjee Reed, Darryl Reed, Partnerships for Development: Four Models of Business Involvement , Journal of Business Ethics 90, 2008-09-10, ??' 3?37 doi : 10.1007/s10551-008-9913-y
  12. ^ Rob van Tulder, Nienke Keen, Capturing Collaborative Challenges: Designing Complexity-Sensitive Theories of Change for Cross-Sector Partnerships , Journal of Business Ethics 150, 2018-04-09, ??' 315?332 doi : 10.1007/s10551-018-3857-7
  13. ^ Adalbert Evers Jean-Louis Laville (?), Defining the third sector in Europe, The third sector in Europe , Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar, 2004
  14. ^ ???? ????, ???? ???????, ??? ????????, ????? ??????????, ???????? ?? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????: ??? ??????? , 2010
  15. ^ Richard Steinberg, Walter W. Powell (?), The nonprofit sector in comparative perspective, The nonprofit sector : a research handbook , 2nd ed, New Haven: Yale University Press, 2006, ISBN  978-0300109030
  16. ^ ?????? ???? ???? ?-2006 ????? 17 ????? ????? ???? ??????, ??????? ?-2009 ????? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ??????????, ???? ????? ????? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ?'?'???.
  17. ^ 1 2 3 4 Steinberg, Gerald M. "The politics of NGOs, human rights and the Arab-Israel conflict." Israel Studies 16.2 (2011): 24-54.
  18. ^ 1 2 3 4 ??? ?? ????? ????-???, ??? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? , ????? ??????? ???? ????? ??????, ?????????? ??-??????, ??? 2013
  19. ^ 1 2 3 ?"? ???? ????? (?), ????? ??????? ?????? , ??????, 2012
  20. ^ אתר למנויים בלבד ??? ?????-???? , 40 ??? ?????? (?? ????? ????) , ???? TheMarker ‏, 4 ?????? 2016
  21. ^ ??? ?????, ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ??? ??? ??????, ?????? , ???? ??????? , 16 ???? 2016
  22. ^ ???? ?????, ????? ????? ?????? ?????? , 2004
  23. ^ 1 2 3 ???? ???, ?????? ??????? ???"??? 2016?2018 , ???? ????? ??????? ??????????, ‏3 ??????? 2019
  24. ^ ???? ??????? ???????
  25. ^ ????? ?????? ??????
  26. ^ ???? ?? ?????, ? ????? ??????: ?????? ????? ?-4,200 ??? ????? ????? , ???? ????? , 13 ???? 2013
  27. ^ ?????? ????? ?????? ??????? ????????: ??? ??????? ??? ??"? ?? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? (???? ????? ? ?????? ??????? ????? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????? ????), ??? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ???? ???? ????? ?? "???? ???????" (? ??? ???? ).
  28. ^ ??? ?????-???? , ????? ?????? ??? ????? ??? ???? ??????? ?????? , ???? TheMarker ‏, 24 ?????? 2010
????? ???? " https://he.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=?????_??????&oldid=38665397 "