?? ????? ??? ?? . ????? ????? ???? ?????? ?????, ????? ???? ????? ?? ???? ?????, ?? ??? ???? ???? , ?? ? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ??????? ???????.
	??? ??????? ????? ?????? ?? ????. ?? ?????? ??? ???? ?????? ????, ???? ????? ?? ??????. ????? ?????? ????? ? ?? ????? .	?????

???? ??????? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??? "???? ????" ( ???? ?????, ??? ???? ????? ?? ???? ???? ) ???? "???? ????" ????? ^[1] ??????? ????? ?? ???? ??? ? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ? ????? ??? ??????? ?? ?? ??, ?????? ??????? ?????. ?????? ?????? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ??????, ???? ????? ???? ???????? ?????? ???? ????? ?? ????? ????? ?????, ?????? ?? ?????? ???? ???? ?? ???????? ?????? ????? ????? ????.

????? ???????? ?????? ? ??? ?????? : ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ??? ???????? ?????? ? ??? ?? ??? ???????? ????? ?? ?????? ????? (?? ? ??????? ???? ) ???????? ????? ?? ??????? . ???? ???? ????, ?? ??????? ???? ??????, ????? ?? ?????? ????? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ????, ??? ??? ????? ????? (???? ?????? ????? ?????? ???), ??? ???? ??? ??? ?????? ????? ????????? ??? ?????? ???? ??? ?????? ??????? ?????. ??? ?? ???? ?????? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ???????? ????? ????????, ?????? ? ???? ????? ?? ??? ???? ??????? ?????, ??? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ???? ??? ?????? ???????? ?????? ???? ??? ????.

???? ????? ???????:

• ???? ??????? ????? , ??? ????? ????? ????? ?? ??? ???? ??????? ??? ???????? ?????? ? ???? .
• ???? ??????? ??????? , ??? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ??? ???????, ?? ??? ????? ??? ???? ????? ??? ???.
• ???? ??????? ???????????? (?? "?????????'"), ?? ????? ????? ????? ?? ??? ???? ?? ????? ????? ????? ?? ??? ????.

• ???? ??????? ???????? (?????? ?????? ???? ???????), ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ?????, ??? ???? ???????? ??? ????.
• ???? ??????? ????? (CVT), ?????? ????? ???????? ??? ??????? ????, ?? ???? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ?????????.

???? ?????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

??? ????? ? ???? ??????

??? ????? ????? ???? ???? ????? ???? ???????, ?? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ???????. ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ??? ?????? ?? ? ????? ??? ????? ?? ? ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ??????? ??? ????? ?? ??????. ?? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????? (?? ?????? ??????), ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ???? ??????? (?? ??? ??????), ??? ???????? ???????? ??????, ????? ???? ???????? ?????? ???, ???? ?? ????? ???????? ??????. ???, ?????? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ??????? ?????. ??? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ? ??????? ????? ?? ????? ??????. ????, ?? ???? ?????? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ????? , ???? ??????? ?????? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ?????. ????? ????? ????? ??????? ?????, ?? ??????? ?????? ????? ???.

???? ????? ?????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

?????? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ????? ???????:

1. ???? ?????? ??? ?? ???? (Spur) : ???? ?????? ?? ??? ??? ?????. ??????? ???????? ????? ?? ??? ???? ????? ??? ??? ????? ??????? ????, ????? ??????? ???? ?? ?? ??, ??????? ?? ??? ????? ??? ????, ??? ?? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ???????.
2. ???? ?????? ??? ?? ????????, ?????? (Helical) : ?????? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ??? ??? ???????, ??? ????? ?????? ???? ??????. ???, ????? ?????? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ???? ?? ????.

???? ????? ????? ???? ?? ?? ????? ??????? ?????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

1. ???? ???????.
2. ????????? : ??? ??? ????? ?? ???? (???? 1 ??3) ??? ????? (Pinion) ???? ???? ????? (Ring gear ?? Crown).
3. ???? : ?? ???? ?? ?????? ????? ??????????? ? ????? ????? ??? ????? ?? ???? ????? ?? ?????.

???? (????') [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

??? ????? ? ????

????? ???? ??? ? ???? ???? ???? ????????, ?????? ???? ?? ????? (????? ?????) ????? ???????? ?????? ????? ?????? ???? (????, ????? ????). ???? ??????, ????? ????? ???? ?????? ???????? ???? ?? ???. ??????? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ??? ?????? ???, ?? ????? ?? ?????? ???????? ?????? ?? ? ?????? ??? ???? ????????. ????? ???? ??? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ????? ???????: ???? ????? ??????, ??????, ??? ??? ?????? ???????. ????? ???? ????? ????? ????? ???????? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ????? ?? ???????, ?? ???? ??? ? ??"? ?? ?? ???? ?? ???? ???????? ?????? ??? ???? ???"? ?????? ????. ??? ????? ?????? ??, ???? ???? ?? ????? ??-??? ?? ????? ?? ??????? ??? ??? ?? ?? ????? ?? ?????. ??"?, ??????? ?? ???"? ?? ????? ???"? ?? ?? ???? ?? ???? ???????? ???? ??????? ????? ?? ?????.

??????, ?????? ????? ??????? ?? 20 ??"? ???? ???? ???? ??3,000 ??"? ??????? ???, ??????? ??, ????? ???? ??2,000 ??"? ????. ???, ???? ?????? ?? ????? ????????, ???? ?????? ??? (????? ?????? ?? ???"? ?? ???? ???????? ?-2,000), ????? ????"? ?? ????? ???, ??? ???? ??2,000 ??"?, ???? ?? ????? ???. (????? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ?? 1,000 ??"? ??? ???? ?????? ????, ????? ???"? ?????, ??? ?? ????).

??????? ?? ???? ???????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

1. ??? ???? ?? ???? ??"? (??????? ????) ??? ??? ???????? (??? ??? ?????? ???? ?????), ???????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ???"? ????? ????????? ?????? ??????.
2. ?? ???? ???? ??? ????? ?? ??"? (????? ??? ?????), ??? ???? ?????? ????? ???? ?????. ???, ?? ??? ????? ???? ????? ???????? ?????? ???? ??? ?????.
3. ???? ????? ??"? ?????, ?????? ?? ????? ???? ????, ???? ?? ?????? ????, ?? ??? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? (????? ????? ????? ???? ????? ????? ????? ??????? ?? ?????? ??? ?????).
4. ??? ??? ???? ?????? ???????? ????? ??? ??? ??? ??????? ??????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??? ???????? ????. ??? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????. ??? ????? ????? ?? ??????? ????? ??????? ??????? ?? ??????, ????? ???? ???? ? ?? ??????? ??? ????? ????? (??? ????? ????? ????) ???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???????. ?????? ?????, ?????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ????? ??????? ?? ????.
5. ?? ????? ??? ????? ???? ??? ????? ??????? (????? ???), ???? ?? ???? ?????? ????, ?? ?? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ???"? ?????. ????? ?????? ????? ????, ??? ?????? ?????? ????? ???? ???"? ????? ????, ?? ?? ??? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? (??? ??, ??? ??? ???? ?????, ???? ???? ??? ????).
6. ?? ????? ??? ????? ??? ???, ?? ??????? ?????? ???? ?????? ???? ??? ????? ??"? ???? ?????? ??? ????? (????? ??? ?????).

???? ??????? ????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

???? ??????? ?????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

????? ???????? ???? ?? ??? (Input Shaft) ????? ?????? ?????? ??? ???? ???? ????????, ????? ????? ???? ??????. ?? ?? ??? ????? (Layshaft) ????? ???? ??????. ?????? ?? ??? ????? ???? ??? ??5 ????? ??????. ??? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ????? ?? ?? ????? (Output Shaft) ???? ????? ?? ??? ??????? (?? ???? ????? ????). ???? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ?????? .

????? ??????? ?? ??? ?????? ???? ??????? ??? ????? ?????. ?????, ?? ?????? ???? ?? ?? ??? ?? ??. ???, ????? ?? ?? ??? ??. ??? ???? ?? ????? ??????? ??? (??? ??? ???? ?????? ??? ????), ???? ?????? ??????? Dog tooth, ?????? ??? ??????? ????? ????? ?? ??? ????? ?? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ??????? ?? ???, ?? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ????? ?? ???.

??? ???? ???? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ???????? ??? ??????: ???? ??????? ?? ??? ???????, ???? ??????? ?????? ????, ???? ??????? ?? ??? ???? ????? ??????? ??????, ?? ??? ?????? (?? ??????). ????? ???? ??????? ???, ?? ???? ??????? ????? "?? ??????" (Double-clutch):

1. ????? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ???.
2. ??? ??, ?? ?????? ????? ???"? ?? ?????? ???.
3. ????? ?? ????? ???? ??? ?????? ?????? ???.
4. ????? ????? ?????.

???? ???????:

1. ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ??????? ????? ???? (?????? ????? ???????? ? ?? ??? ????? ????????).
2. ???? ???? ??????? ??????? ?? ???? ???? (?????? ???? ??? ??????? ????, ?? ???? ???? ???? "???????" ???????). ??????, ?? ???? ?????? ?????? ??? ??????: ?????? ????? ??????? ?? 20 ??"? ???? ???? ???? ??3,000 ??"?. ??????? ???, ??????? ??, ????? ???? ??2,000 ??"? ????. ?? ????? ?? ???? ??????? (?? ?????? ??? ? ????? ?????) ??????? ???????????? ??20 ??"?, ??? 3,000 ??"?. ??? ???? ????, ??????? ??????? ???????????? ??20 ??"? (?? ?? ??????? ??????? ????? ??20 ??"?) ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ???????.
3. ??? ?? ???? ?? ?????? ???.
4. ????? ?????, ??? ???? ???? ?? ????? ???????.

????? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ??? ????? ????? (?? ?????? ??????? ??????), ?? ??? ?? ?????, ???? ?????? ?? ??????? ???? ????? ???? ??? (?????? ???? ??"?).

???? ??????? ?? ?????? (Synchronism) [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

?????? ???????? ?????? ???? (?????, ???????? ?? ?????), ???? ?????? ????? ????? ????, ??????? ??? ???? ????? ????? ???? ??? (????? ?????? ?? ??????? ????? ??? ????? ???? ??????). ???? ?? ???? ??????? (????? ???????? ??????? ???????? ?? ???? ????) ???? ????? ????. ???? ?????? ?????, ?????? ???? ?? ??????, ?? ??????? (?? ?? ????? ?????), ??? ???? ??????? ???? ??????? ?? ???? ????. ??? ???? ???? ?????? ??????? ?? ???? ???????, ???? ?? ??????? ????? (??? ????? ??? ??????).

????, ?????? ??????????? ?????? ????? ???, ?? ?????? ???? ??? ?? ?????? ?????? ???? ??? ????, ?? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ???????????, ?? ????? ??? ??????. ?? ?????? ?????? ?? ????, ??????? ???? ????? ???? ?? ???? ??????? ?? ?????? ????? ???? ???? ?? ???????, ?? ????? ?????, ?? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ???? ???? ??????? ???? ???????, ???? ??????? ????? ?? ???? ???? ???????, ?? ????? ???? (???? ??? ?? ?????). ??? ??, ???? ??????? ??? ??? ???? ???? ?? ???? ???????? ?????? ????? (??????, ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ?? ?????).

????? ????? (Quick Shift) [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

???? ????? ????? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ??????? ????? ????. ????? ??? ???? ??????? ????? ????? ?? ????? ????? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ???????, ?? ?? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ?????. ???? ????? ?? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ????. ?????, ?????? ????? ????? ??? ?? ???? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ? ??? ???????? ????? ???????? ??. ???? ???? ??? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????? ???? ???????? ???? ??????? ???? ?????. ???? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ?????, ????? ????? ?? ?????. ??? ????? ?????? ??????? ????? ????, ????? ????? ????? ???? ???????? ?? ??????? ?????? ???? ????. ???? ?? ?? ???? ?? ????? ?? ?????? ??????? ??????? ???? ?????? ???? ???????.

????? ????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

?????? ?????? ???? ??? ???? ??????? ????? ???? (?????? - helical) (??? ???? ??? ????). ??? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ?? ?? ?????? (?? ?? ???? ??????? ??? ??? ???????, ??? ?? ?????? ????), ?????? ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ????? (?? ?? ???? - Idler Shaft) ?????? ??????, ?? ????? ?? ????? ??????. ????? ?? ???? ??? ??? ???? ??????? ?????? ? ?? ????? ???? ???, ?? ???? ??????? ?????? ???. ?????? ?????? ??????? ?? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ??????? ???????? ? ?????? ???????, ??? ????? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ?????. ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ??????? ? ??????? ????? ?? ??? ???? ???? ??????, ?? ????? ?????? ????? ??? ??? ????? ? ???? ??? ?? ????? ?????? ???????. ?? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ??????, ?? ??? ???? ????? ?????, ???? ??????? ???? ??????, ???? ???? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ???? ???? ? ??????? ???? ?????? ????? ??? (?????? ????? ?????). ???, ????? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ??????, ????? ?? ?????, ?? ?????? ??????? ????? ??? ????, ??? ?? ???? ????. ?????? ??? ??? ??? ???? (???? ????? ??????) ???? ???? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ?????, ?????? ??? ?????? ???? ??? ?? ??? ???? ????? ????? ?? ????? ????? ????, ?????? ???? ????? ????? (??????? ?? ?????? ?????) (? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ????).

?????? ?????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

????? ????????, ?? ??? ?????? ????????? (?? ?? ??????? ? ????? ??????? ??? ???????), ??????? ??? ????. ????, ??????? ?? ????? ????? ???? ??????? ??? ????, ??, ??? ???? ?? ???? ?????, ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?????, ?????? ?? ?????? ???? ??? ??????. ?? ???? ????? ?????, ??? ?????? ??? ?? ???? ???????. ?? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ??????. ???? ????? ???, ???? ???????? ???? ????? (?? ??? ????? ?????), ?? ??? ??????? ???? ??????. ??? ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ???????? ?? ???? ????????, ??????? ???? ??? ?????? ("??????") ??????? ???? ??? ???? ???????? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ????????. ???? ???????? ???? ?????? ???? ??? ???? ????????.

???? ??????? ?????? ( Sequential gearbox ) [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

??? ???? ?? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ?????, ???? ????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ????? ?? ??? ????? ???? ???????? ?????, ?????? ????? ?? ??? ????? ???? ???????? ?????. ???? ???? ??????? ?? ??? ????? ???? ???????? ?????? ? ???? ?????? ??????. ??????? ???? ?????? ?????? ???????? ?? ????? ????? ???????, ?? ??? ???? ???? ???????? ?? ????????, ?????? ??????, ????? ???????, ?????? ?????? ?????. ?????? ????? ???? ???? ?? ? ???????? .

???????:

• ????? ??????? ????? ?????, ??? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ??????. ????, ??? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????? ??? ??????? ??????? ?? 5 ???????, ???? ????? ?? ???? ?????, ????? ??? ??? ?????. ????? ???????, ???? ?? ????? ????? ?? ????? ?????.
• ??? ???? ????? ?? ??????? ???????, ?? ????? ?? ?????.
• ????? ??????? ????? ?????, ???? ????? ???? ????? ????? ??? ? ??? ????? ?? ???? ????????. ????? ????????????, ??? ???? ????? ????.
• ????? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ???? (????, ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ? ????? ????? ??????, ?? ????? ????? ???? ?????).
• ?????? ?????: ???? ????? ??? ?????? ????? ??????, ???? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?? ???? ?? ???? ??????.

???????:

• ???? ????? ??? ????? ?? ????? ????? ?? ??? ???? ????. ?????? ????? ???? ????, ?? ????? ?????? ??????? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ?????. ????? ????????????? ?????? ??? ?????? ??????? ?? ?????? ?????? ????. ????? ????? ??? ????? ??????? ??? ????? ??????? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ??????? ??? ???.
• ????? ???? ???????? ?? ???? ????????? ?? ?????? ??????, ?? ????? ????? ???????, ???? ???? ???? ???? ????? ???? ?? ?????.

???? ?????? ??? ???? ??????? ?????? ???? ???? ??????? ??????? ( Manumatic ) , ?????? ?? ??? ?????? "?????????". ????? ??????? ?????? ?? ???? ????, ?????? ????? ?? ???? ??????? ?????. ????? ???, ????? ???????, ?????? ?????? ??? ?? ???? ??????? ????????, ???? ??? ????? ?? ?"???? ????????" (???? ??????), ? ???? ???? ??? ?????, ????? ?? ???, ?? ????? ????? ?????? ??????? (Over rolling), ??? ?? ????? ??????. ?????, ????? ?????? ????? ???? ???.

???? ?? ???? ??? (Dog transmission) [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

???? ?????: ????? ?? ??????? ????? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ??????? ?? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ????????? ????????. ???? ??????? ?? ???? ?????? ??????????, ??? ????? ??? ????, ????? ???. ???? ????? ?????? ?????????? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ??20% ??? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ????????. ????? ??? ??????? ???? ??? ??????? ???????? ????, ???? ????? ???? ??????? ????? ???? ??????? ?????? ??????. ??? ??, ? ???? ???? ????? ???? ???? ???? ????? ??????? ????? ????? ???? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ????.

????? ?????: ???? ?????? ???????? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ?? ??? ?? ??????, ???? ?????? ??????????. ?? ??? ?????? ????? ??????? ????? ??????? ?????????? ???? ??? ??????? ?????? ????? ??? ????? ??? ??????, ???? ???? ????? ??? ?? ???? ????, ???????? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ???????? ???? ???????? ??? ?????? (????? ??????? ?????? ???? ????) ???? ?????? ??? ?? ??????? ???? ????.

???????: ????? ??????? ??? ?? ???? ???????:

• ??? ?????? ???? ??????. ????, ?????? ?????? ?????? ???? ?? ????, ?? ????? ???? ??? ?? ????? ?????. ??? ??? ????? ?????? ??? ?????, ?? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ? ???? ???? ??????? ?? ??????. ?? ????? ???? ???? ??? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ?????? ?????????, ???, ?? ????? ???? ??????? ???? ?????.
• ????? ??????? ????? ???? ?????? ????????.

??????? ????????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

???? ??????? ???????? ??? ???? ?? ???? ?? ????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ??? ?? ??????? ????? ??????? ?? ??? ?????. ????? ????????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ????????? ???????? ?????? ???? ????? ????? 4 ?-9 ???? ?????? (???????). ???? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ???????? ????????? ??????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ?? ????? ??????? ????? ????????? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ?? ??????, ??? ?? ?? ??????? ???? ???? ???? ??? ????? ???? ????? ???? ???? (??? ???????).

??????? ???????? ?????????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

?????? ?? ????? ??????? ????????? ???? ?????? ?????? ???? ?????? ???? ?? ????. ?????? ???? ??? ???? ??????? ???????? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ??? ???? ??????? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ? ???? ?? ?????? ???????. ??? ???? ?????, ??? ??????, ?? ????? ?? ??? ???????? ?????? Drive ?? D , ?????? ?? ????? ??????. ????? ?????? ????? ??????? ????? ?????? ??????? ????? ????? ??????? ???? ????? ????? ???? ?? ???? ????? ???? ?????? "????? ??????".

??????? ???????? ?????????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

??? ???????? ?? ??????? ???????? ???? ??? ???????? ?????? ????????? ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ????? ?????????? ????. ?? ?? ??? ???? ???? ???????, ??? ???? ?????? ????? ???? ??? ?? ????? ??????? ?? ??? ????. ?????? ???? ??? ???? ??????? ??? (???? ???? ?????? ????? ???????) ????? ???? ????? ????? ????? ???????? ????. ??? ??????, ????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ??? ????? ????? ????? ????? ??? ????? ???????. ?????? ???? ?? ???? ??????? ??? ?????? ????? ????? ?? ????? ???? ??????? ?? ?????? ????. ?????? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ??????? ????????.

???? ??????? ???????? ??????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

???? ???????? ?????????, ?????? ?? ????? ??????, ?????? ?????? ???? ??????. ??? ????? ?? ????????, ????? ????? ???? ??????:

• ?????? ???? - ????? ???? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ????????. ??? ??????? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ????? ????, ?? ??? ???? ???? ???? ????.
• ???? ????? - ???? ?????? ???? ??????:
  1. ????? ????? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ????.
  2. ????? ? ??? ????? ?????. ???? ???? ???? ???????? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ?????. ?? ?????? ?????, ???? ??????? ???? ??? ????.

?? ?? ???? ??? ??? ??????? ????, ????? ????? ????????? ?????? ???????. ??????, ???? ???? ????, ????? ?????? ????? ?? ????, ??? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ?????, ?????? ????? (?????, ??? ??????? ????? ????, ????? ?????? ????? ???? ??? ?????? ?????). ???? ???? ???? ?????? ??????, ????? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ???, ????, ????? ????? ???????? ????? (??? ????? ?????? ??????).

????? ??????? ????? ???????? ????????? ??????? ?? ??? ???????. ????, ???????? ??????, ????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ?????. ????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ???????. ?? ??? ??? ????? ????? ???????, ???? ????? ??? ????? ???? (?????? ????). ???? ?????? ?????? ???? (????? ?????? ?? ????????), ???? ?? ?????? ??????? ????? ?????? ??????? ??????, ?? ???? ?????? ?????.

????? ???????? ??? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ??????? ??????, ??? ???? ?????: ?????, ?? ????? ????? ???? ?? ???? ?-21 ?????? ????????? ??? ???? ??????? ???? ???? ????? ??????. ???? ??? ???? ???? ? ?????? ???? ??????? ? ???? ?? ????. ???? ????? ??? ?????? ????? "???? ?????", ??? ????? ?? ?????. ?????? ?? ???? ????? ????-???? ??? ????? ????? ????????, ??? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ??????? ???? (??????, ????? ??? ????? ???? ????? ?????, ???? ????? ??????? ????? ??????? ?????). ???? ????? ???? ????? ???? ???? ??? ????? ????? ????????, ???? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ??? ???? ??? ???????? , ??? ????? ?????? ??? ????, ???? ?????? ????, ???????, ?????? ????? ??????? ??? ??????. ???? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ??? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ????. ???? ???????? ??? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ???? ??????? ?????: ?? ?? ??????? ?????????? ???????? ????, ????? ????? ?????????, ???? ????? ??????? ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ????? ???? ???? ???? ?????, ????? ??? ??????? ????? ????????? ????? ?????? ???????? ???????.

???? ??????? ??????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

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