??????

?????? ?? ????????? ( ?????? : Mutualism ) ??? ??? ?????? ?????? ???????? ?? ???? ?????? ?????????? . ???? ??, ??? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ?????????? (??????: ????? ???? ???? ?????). ??? ?? ?? ????? ???? ???? ? ?????? ????????? ?????? ??? ???? ???, ???? ??? ??????? ???? ???? ????? ???? ????? ???? ???..

???? ????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

????? "????" (??????: mutual, reciprocal) ???? ?????? ?????? ???????, ?????? ?????? ?????? -? ?????? ?????? ???-???, ????? ?????? ???-???: ???? ?? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ?? ???? ("???") ?? ???? ("???"): ?? ?? ??, ?? ?? ???. ^[1] ????? ? ? = ????? ? ?, ^[2] ??? ????? ?????? ?↔? ??? ?????↔????? .

???????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

???? ??????, ?? "?????????", ?? ????? ???? +/+, ??????, ??????? ???? ?????? ????????. ?????? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ????? ???, ???? ??????? ????????? ?? ??? ??? ?? ???? ??????? ???????? (?????? ???????????) ?? ???? ?? ???? ????? ??? ????? ?? ???? ???? ????, ????? ???? ??????? (?????? ??????????), ??? ??????? ?? ???? ?? ??????? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ??????. ??? ??, ?????? ????? ????? ???????, ???????? ?? ??? ??? ????? ????? ???????, ????? ????? ??? ??? ????? ??? ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ?????. ???? ???? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ???? ???????? ???? ????? ?????, ?? ??? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ?? ???? ???? ??????? ??????? ?????? ???? - ?? ??? ???? ?? ???? ???? ????? ????? ???????.

????? ?????? ?? ?????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

????? ??????? ????????? ??????? ???? ?????? ????? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ??? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ????? . ???? ??? ??????? ?? ???? ??????? ??? ??? ??????: ?????? (???????????) ??? ?????? (??????????), ?? ?? ????? ?? ??? ??????? ????? ???? ??? ??????????? ???? ????? ????? ??????, ?????? ??? ??????? ??????.

??????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

??? ???? ? ???????? ????? (Cleaner shrimp) ( ??' ) ????? ??? ????? ? ??????? . ??? ?????? ????? ?????? ????????, ?????? ???? ?????? ???? ??? ????? ???????.
????? ?????, ????? ???? , ???? ???? , ???? ???? ? ????? ???? ????? ??????? ????? ?????? ??????, ??????? ???????? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ??????? (??????? ????? ???? ????), ?????? ????? ?????.
??? ? ?????? ????? ?????? ???? ??????? ?? ?????? ?? . ?? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ????? ??? ??????? ?????? ???? ????? ???????.
? ????? ??? ????? ?? ???? ?? ??????? ? ?????? . ???????? ??????? ???? ??????? ??????? ?? ????? ????????? ?????? ??? ??????? .
???????? ? ???? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????? ????? .
?????? ? ????????? ????? ???? ??????? ????? ????? ????? ??????? ????? ????? ???????.
????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??? ???????? ????? ???. ?????? ?? ????? ?????.
????? ???? ????? ????? ?? ????? ???? ??? ???? ????? ??? ???? ????? ???? ?? ?????? .
????? ? ????? ???????? ???? ????? ??? ??? ??????? ?? ???? ??????.

??? ?? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

??-????????

?????? ????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

?'???? ?????, ?????? ?????? , ?????? ?'???????? ????? , ?????? 140, ????? 2010
The biology of mutualism: ecology and evolution , London: Croom Helm Publisher, 1985, ISBN 978-0-7099-3238-3
Julian Nathaniel Holland, Population ecology of mutualism , Oxford University Press, 2015-07-01, ??' 133?158

??????? ???????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

???? ?????? ????? ?????? ? ??????????

topic/mutualism-society, science/obligative-mutualism ?????? , ???? ??????????? ???????? (???????)

????? ?????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

^ Jastrow (????? ??????), ??????? 1 , ???? www.sefaria.org
^ Jastrow (????? ??????), ???? I , ???? www.sefaria.org

??? ?? ??? ????? ????? ???????? . ??? ??????? ????? ?????????? ? ?????? ???? .

[1] Jastrow (????? ??????), ??????? 1 , ???? www.sefaria.org

[2] Jastrow (????? ??????), ???? I , ???? www.sefaria.org

[1]

[2]

???? ?????? ??? ??????????
???? +/-	????? ? ????? ??????? ? ?????? ? ???????????? ? ??????? ???????? ? ?????
???? -/-	?????
???? +/0	?????????
???? -/0	????????
???? +/+	?????? ( ????? ???? ) ? ???????????? ? ??????? ????????? ? ???????
???	??????? ? ???????? ? ???????