??????? ??????? ????? ?????
?-
1912
??? ????? ??????? ?????????? ?-32 ???????
????? ?????
, ?????? ???? ?????,
5 ???????
1912. ??????? ?????? ??? ????? ??????? ???????:
?????
?????,
?????? ?????? ????
??? ??? ?????? ??
?????? ???????????
?????? ???? ?
?????
?? ??????. ???? ?????? ?????
?????? ???????
?? ????? ????? ???????? ???????????, ??? ???? ???? ??? ???? ???? ??
?????? ???????????
. ??? ???? ???????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????? ??????? ??????.
????? ??????
?
???????
???? ?????? ?-46 ?? ????? ????????? ????? ??????? ??
?????? ?'????? ??????
, ???? ???? ????? ????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ??????. ????? ??? ????? ??????? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ?? ???? ???? ?? ??????? ??? ???? ??? ??????? ???????. ????? ??? ?? ????? ??????? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ?? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ????.
?????? ???? ?? ?? ???? ??? ?? ??????? ???????, ????? ???? ???? ???? ?
??? ?????????
, ????? ???? ?-42% ???? ?????? ??????? ????? ????? ???? ?-27% ????. ?????? ??? ????? ???????? ????? ???
1892
?-
1932
. ??? ?? ??? ????? ???????? ???? ??? 1860 ?-1932. ??? ????? ????? ??????? ??????? ?? ????? ??? ??? ??????? ?? ????????? ???? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ?????????, ???????? ???????? ??? 48 ??????? ???????? ?? ????? ????? (?? ??????? ????
?????
?
?????
) ??????.
?
????
??????????
?????? ???????
??? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ?-
1908
, ?????? ?????? ?? ??????? ????? ???? ??? ??????. ?????? ??????? ?? ??????? (1901-1905) ?? ????? ????, ????? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ???????? ?
?????? ??????
. ??? ??? ?????? ??????
?????? ?????? ????
????? ?????, ????? ???? ??
?????? ?'????? ??????
???????? ??????? ??????? ?? 1908.
???? ?????? ?? ???? ????, ???? ??? ??? ??????? ?????, ??? ???? ???????? ?? ??? ????? ????? ??????: ???????????, ??????? ???? ???????, ????????, ??????? ???? ????. ??????????? ???????????? ???? ?????? ????? ???? ??????, ???? ??????? ???, ???? ???? ??????? ??????, ??????? ????? ??? ?? ?????? ???????. ??????????? ?? ???? ??????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ????? ???? ????? ?? ???????. ??????? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????? ??? ????? ?? ??????? ????? ?????? ?????? ????????, ???? ????? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ??????, ??????? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????.
?-1910, ???? ??? ??? ?????? ??? ????, ???? ?? ??? ???????? ?????? ????? ???? ??? ????, ????? ???? ????? ????? ????? ????. ????? ?? ???? ???? ??????????? ???? ???? ????? ???? ??? ?-1909, ??? ?? ???????? ?? ??????? ???? ??????????, ????? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ???????????.
???????? ???????? ???? ?????? ???????????
???? ???????, ???? ??????? ?? ????? ??????? ??????? ????? ?????????. ????????? ????? ???? ???? ?????????? ?????? ???????????, ???? ????? ?? ????? ???????? ????????? ??????. 12 ?????? ???? ???????? ??????? ???????????.
????? ?? ????
??? ???? ???????? ???? ????? ???????? (?
????? ???????
??
?????????
). ?? ??? ???????? ????????? ?
???????
?-
9 ??????
, ??????? ??? ?-9 ???????? ???? ???? ???????? (??? ????: ???????,
?????????
,
??????
,
??????
,
??????
,
?????????
,
?????
,
??? ?'???
?
???? ?????
), ????? ????? ?? ?
???'????
?????. ?????????? ?? ??????? ???? ?? ???? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ????, ?????.
??????? ??????????? ?????? ?
?????
?-
18 ?????
??
22 ?????
. ?? ???? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ????? ????, ????? ?????? ?????? ????????? ??? ?????. ????? ????? ????? ?? ??? ???? ?? ?????? ??????? ????????. ??????? ???? ?????? ?? ????????? ???
1880
???????? ????? ??? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ????? (????? ??????? ?????????? ????? ???? ????? ???? ?? 5 ?-1). ????????? ??????, ??????? ???? ??????? ?? ??? ???????. ?? ?? ??? ????? ??? - ?????? ???? ?
?????? ???
- ???? ??? ??? ???? ?? ??????? - ????? ???? ???????. ??, ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ?? ?????? ?? ??????? ??????? ??
?????
,
???????
?
?????????
. ???? ??????? ??????????, ?? ??????? ??? ?????????, ?????? ??????????? ????? ?????. ?? ?????? ????? ?? ??????. ???
1872
?? ??? ??? ???? ?? ?? ?????? ???????????. ??????????? ????? ????? ???? 45% ??????? ????????, ?? ??? ???? ????? ?????. ?????? ?????? ?? ??????? ????? ????? ????? ???? ??????? ????? ?? ?? ????, ??? ??????? ?? ???? ?? ?? ????, ???? ?? ??? ???? ????.
????? ?? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ????? ????? ?????????, ?????? ???? ????? ????? ???? ?? ????? ????? ??????, ??????? ????? ????? ????. ???? ??????? ??
22 ?????
, ??????? ???? ??????? ????? ?? ?????. ??????? ??? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ??? ???? ?? ???? ??????????. ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ???, ????? ???? ????? ?? ????? ?? ??????? ???????, ??????? ???? ??????? ?????? ???? ??
?'???? ????
, ?? ???? ?? ???? ????? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ???? ???
?'?? ?????
?-
1828
.
??????????? ??????????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?? ???? ?????? ???????????. ????? ???? ????? ???, ?????? ???? ???????? ???? ?????? ??????? ????? ?????? ?'????? ?
?????????
???? ?????? ?????? ??? ?????. ??????????? ?????? ????? ?
???????
???????? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ????????.
??????? ????? ?? ??? ??????? ?
???????
. ?? ??????? ????? ?????? ????? ??????????? ???? ???????? ??? ??????? ??? ??????? ?? ??? ????? ????? ???? ???? ?? ???? ???.
??????? ????????? ?????? ?
????????
?-
25 ?????
?? ?-
2 ?????
. ??????, ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ??? ?'??? ????? ???????, ???? ??? ??? ???????, ???? ?????? ????? ??? ???? ?? ??? ??????. ?? ???? ??????? ????????? ?????? ???? ??? ???????, ????? ?? ????? ???? ?? ??? ??????? ??????? ??? ?????. ??????? ?? ????? ????? ????? ???????? ???, ????? ??????? ???? ??????? ?? ?????? ????????? ???? ???? ????, ??? ??. ?? ????? ????? ??, ???? ?? ????? ??
?????? ?'????? ??????
, ???? ????? ??????? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ????????? ?????????, ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? "????? ??
??? ?????
". ?????? ????? ????? ?
???? ??? ?'???
,
????? ??????
, ????? ????? ???? ???? ?? ?????, ????? ????????? ????. ????? ??????, ?????? ???? ???? ????? ???? ?????, ????? ??? ??????? ????? ?????? ???. ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??? ?????? ????? ????? ?? ???? ????, ??????? ????? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ??? ?????. ?????? ????? ???? ?????? ?-46.
????? ????
, ????
????????
, ??????? ???? ??????? ???????? ????????, ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ??? ?????.
| ????? ?????? ???????
|
????? ?????
|
????? ???
|
| ????? ????
|
389
|
644.5
|
| ?'?? ????
|
304.67
|
386.33
|
| ?'???' ?'??????
|
157
|
12.5
|
| ????? ?????
|
78
|
0
|
| ?'???? ??????
|
58
|
0
|
| ????? ????
|
26
|
0
|
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|
18
|
0
|
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|
8
|
0
|
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3
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0
|
???'?? ??? ???? 6% ???????
?????? ???????????? ?? ?????? ????? ???????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????? ???????? ??????, ?????? ?????? ??????. ??? ?? ????? ????? ???????? ??????????? ????? ??????? ?????. ?-1912, ?????? ?????? ????? ????????, ?????? ????? ??????.
???'?? ???
, ??? ??????? ?-
1900
,
1904
??-
1908
???? ??? ??? ?-1912.
?????? ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ???? ????? ?? ???????, ???? ??????? ????? ???? ?
????????
???? ???? ????? ?? ????? ????? ??????? ??????. ??????? ?????? ?????? ????? ???? ???? ???????, ????? ???????? ??? ??????? ?????? ??????.
??? ??????? ???????? ??????? 1912 ??? ?????? ????. ??? ????? ?'???? ???? ?? ?-30 ????????, ???? ????? ???? ???????, ?? ????? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ??? ?????. ????????????? ??? ??????? ??????, ????????? ????? ????? ?-
5 ???????
. ?? ??????? ??? ???????: ?? ??????? ?? ??? ?????, ???? ???? ??? ???? ??????. ???? ?????? ??????? ??? ??????? ?? ???? ?? ??? ??????.
???? ???????? ??? ?-
14 ????????
?
???????
, ???
???? ?????
. ????? ??? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ?? ?????? ??????? ????? ??????, ???? ???? ????? ?????, ?????? ?????? ?? ?? ??????.
?????? 1912 ?????? ????? ?????? ???????????. ?? ???? ?? ??? ??????, ???? ????? ??????? ??? ???? ??? ???, ????? ??????? ???? ??? ??????? ????, ?? ?????? ????? ??? ??????? ???? ?????? ??????????? ???? ?????????.
???????????? ?? ??? ???? ???. ?????? ??? ???? ?? ??? ???? ??????? ??? ???? ???? 15,000 ????? ???? ???? ????. ???? ?? ??
????? ????
???
????????????
. ?? ???? ?? ???? ??? ???????.
??????? ??? ??? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ????????? ??????????? ????? ????. ??? ??? ???????? ??????? ??????, ??????? ??????????. ?????? ??? ???????? ???????????????? ?????. ????, ???? ???? ???? ??????, ??? ??? ?????? ??? ???? ?????? ???????. ??? ?????? ?????? ??????????? ????? ???? ????? ????????? ???. ??????????? ???? ????? ?? ??????? ??????? ??????, ??? ?? ?? ?????. ?????? 1912 ??? ????? ????? ????? ?? ???????????.
???????? ?? ??????? ????? ???? ?????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ??????. ????? ??? ???? ??????? ????, ??????? ????? ????? ?????, ????? 23% ??????? ???? ????? 27% ????????. ????? ???? ?? ?????? ????????, ???? ??? ????? ????? ???? ??? ???? ???? ????? ????? ???????? ?????? ???. ?????? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ????. ?????? ???? ??????? ????? ????? ????? ???? ????? ??????? ??? ?
?????? ?'????? ??????
????. ?????? ???? 6.3 ?????? ????? ?-42% ??????? ????? 6.4 ?????? ?-43% ??????? ??????? ?-1908. ??? ???? 6% ???????, ??? ?? ?????? ????????????, ????? ?????? (????????) ??? 1860 ?? ????? ??????? ????? ???? ?-5% ???????.
??? ??? ??????? ???????? ??????? ??? 48 ??????, ??
???????
?
??? ??????
?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ????.
?????? ?? ??????? ?????? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ?????? (
????
?
??????
), ??????? ???, ????? ?????? ???????. ??? ??? ?????? ??? ????? ??? ????. ???? ?? ???? ??? ??? ?????, ??????? ?? ???? (???? ?????, ?? ??????????? ?? ???????), ????? ?????? ??? ???? ???? ???? ??????
??????????
?????. ??? ????????? ?? ?????? ????? ??????? ??? ?? ??? ?? ???.
?????? ???? 6,296,919 ?????, ?-100,000 ???? ???? ?????? ?-1908, ???? ?? ?-162 ????????. ?????? ??? ????? ??? ???? ???????. ????? ???????? ????? ?????? ??????????, ????? ????????? ????? ?????????.
?????? ?????????? ???? ??????? ????? ??????? ???? ???????????. ???? ??????? ???
1852
, ??? ?????? ??? ??????? (??? ????????) ???? ?????????. ?????? ??? ??????? ?????? ????? ?
???'????
(??
??? ??????
, ??? ??????? ????? ??? ??????????? ??? 1856). ?? ????? ?
?????
??? ?????? ????? ??????????? ??? ??????? ???. ?????, ?????? ???? ????????? ???? ??????? ???
1868
.
?????? ?????????? ????? ?????? ??????????? ?????? ????? ?????????. ???? ????? ????? ???? ????? ??? ???? ??? ????? ???????? ?????? ???? (??? ????? ???? ????? ??????? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ?????????).
????? ???????, 5,250,000, ???? ??????? ?????. ???? (4,125,000) ???? ????????, ???? ?????? ???????????? ?? ????? ?????? ???? (??????? ?????), ??????? ?? ?????? ??? ?-1908.
??? ????? ???? ??????? ???????? ???
1860
?? ????? ??????? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ???????. ??? ????? ????? ??????? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????.
??????? ?? ???? ???????, ??? ????, ????? ?? ???? ???????, ?????.
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|
435
|
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|
435
|
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|
88
|
????? ?'?????
|
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|
88
|
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8
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8
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???? ?? ??????? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ??????, ?????? ??????????? ????? ??? ???????. ???????? ??? ?? ?????? ?-1914. ?????? ?????? ?-1916 ????? ????? ?????? ?? ??????? ?????? ???????????. ?? ??????? ?? ???? ???? ??????, ???? ?????????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????????.