??????? ??? ?????
(?
??????
:
David Ross Brower
1 ?????
1912
?
5 ???????
2000
) ???
??????
???? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ????, ????
??? ?????? ?????
(Sierra Club Foundation), ???? ?'?? ???? ???? ?????? (John Muir Institute for Environmental Studies),
????? ???? ????
(Friends of the Earth; 1969)
????? ?? ?????? ??????
(League of Conservation Voters),
???? ??? ???? ????
(Earth Island Institute; 1982), ????? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? (North Cascades Conservation Council), ????? ???? ???? ???? (Fate of the Earth Conferences). ??? 1952 ?-1969 ???? ????"? ?????? ??
?????? ?????
??????? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ???????? ?????? ???? ?????? ??????? (???
????? ??????? ?????
) ?????? ???????. ????? ???? ??????????? ?? ?????? ????? ???? ?????: ????? 1953-1941, 1988-1983 ?-2000-1995. ???????? ???
???? ????
????.
??????? ????? ???? ?-1 ????? 1912 ??????
?????
???????????. ??? ??? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ???? (Mary Barlow) ???? ????? (Ross J. Brower). ??????? ????? ????? ?? ????? ???? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????
????? ????
???????. ??? ??? ????? ???? ?
????? ????
?
?????????? ?????????
, ????? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ????? ??????. ?? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ????? ??? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ????? ??????, ????????? ??? ?? ???.
??????? ??? ?? ????? ????? ??? ?? ?????? ??? ????? ???? ???? ??? ??????. ????? ??? ??????? ?? ???, ????? ???? ???? ???????, ????? ??????, ????-?? ?? ???? ???? ????? ???? ?? ?? ????? ??????, ??????? ???? ???? ?? ??? ???? ?????, ???? ??? ?? ??? ????? ??? ????. ????? ????? ?? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ??? ???? ?? ????? ???????, ???? ?? ???? ?? ????? ?????. ?????? ??? ??????? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ???? ????.
???? 16 ??? ????? ?? ??????? ?
?????????? ????????? ??????
????? ?????
???????????
. ??? ????? ??????? ??? ????????? ???? ??? ??? ???? ???? ????? ????? ?
???? ?????? ???????
. ???? ????? ????? ???? ?? ??????? ????? ???? ????. ???????? ??? ??????? ?
???
???? ????
, ????? ??? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ?
?????? ?????
. ?-1930 ??? ???? ????? ????? ????? "??? ???? ???" (Echo Lake Camp), ??? ??????
????? ????
??????? ?????, ????????? ?? ??? ?????? ????? ??????.
[1]
????? ???? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ????, ?????? ????? ??? ????? ??? ????. ??? ??????? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ??????? ?? ?????? ?????, ?????? ??? ????? ?? ??????? ??????, ???? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ?????.
?-1933 ???? ????? ???? ?????? ????
????? ????
??? ?? ?'???' ?????? (George Rockwood). ???? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ??? (Hervey Voge) ????? ???? ?????? ??????? ?????. ?-18 ???? 1934 ??? ??? ???? ????? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ??? ?? ??? ???? ?????? ??????? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ???? ???????. ???? ?? ?? ????? ?? 63 ?????, ??? 32 ?????? ?? ???? ???????. ?-1935 ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????, ?????? ???? ?? ?????, ??????? ???? ?? ?? ???????? (Mount Waddington) ?????? ?????? ?
???????? ???????
??
????
. ?????? ??????? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ?????. ????? ??? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ???????, ?? ???? ??? ????? ???? ?? ????? ?????, ????? ???? ?? ????? ????? ???? ?? ????? ?? ????.
[2]
??? ?????? (Shiprock), ??-1939 ??? ????? ?????? ???????? ???? ????
??? 9 ?-12 ???????? ?????? ????? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??
??????
(Shiprock ? "??? ??????"),
?? ???
????
??? ????
?????? ????? ?? 2,188 ????? ???
??? ???
, ????? 420 ????? ??? ??? ??????. ??? ??? ???? ?
????? ?????
??
?? ???
???????? ?????? ???? ???????, ????? ?????
????? ????????
????? ????
??? ??????
. ?????? ?? ????, ??????? ?????? ?????, ????? ???????? ??????? (expansion bolts)
[3]
??? ????.
???? ??? ???????? ?????? ???? ?? ?????? ?????, ???? ????? ??? "????? ?????? ????????? ?????? ???????". ?????? ?? ?????? ????? ?"???? ???? ????" ?? ??? "???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ?? ??????".
[4]
?????? ?? ????? ?????? 72 ?????? ????? ??????? ????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ????? ????? ?????.
[2]
?-1941 ???? ????? ??????????? ?? ?????? ?????. ?????? ??? ????? ?
????
?????? ???? ??
?????????? ?????????
?
?????
. ????? ?? ??? ??? ???, ???? ????? (Anne Hus Brower; 2001-1913), ????? ?? ??? ??????.
?-1942 ??? ????? ?? "????? ???? ????? ????" ??? ??? ????????. ??????, ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ?????????? ????????? ?-
Cambridge University Press
???? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ??
???? ?????
?
????? ????? ??????
. ???? ????? ???-?? ??? ????? ??????? ???????.
????? ???? ?????
??????
?
???????? ?????? ???????
, ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ??
??? ???????
???????
??????
?
?????????
. ?????? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ?? ???, ??? ?? ??? ?? ???? ???????. ?-1 ???? 1943 ???? ????? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ??. ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ?? ???? ?? ???? ?????? (Grizzly Peak) ?????? ??????. ?? ??? ???? ?? ?? ?????, ??? ?? ????? ???? ????? ?????. ????? ???? ??? ??? ????? (Kenneth Brower), ??????? ????? ???? ????, ??? "????? ???? ??????" (
The Starship and the Canoe
) ??
????? ??????
????, ????????? ???? ?'???' ??????.
????? ???? ?? ????????? ?????? ??????? ?
???? ??????
?????? ?????? ???????? ?? ????? 1945, ??? ????? ??????? ?-2 ????. ?? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????? ????? ????? ??????
??? ?????
????? ?? ?
????? ?????
???? ????
.
[5]
????? ??? ???-?? ????? ?? ????? ??? ????? "???? ???? ??????" (Pursuit in the Alps) ??????? ??????? ?????? ????? ?-1946,
[6]
???????? ?????? ????????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ???? ?????????? "?? ?? ???" (Fire on the Mountain) ?-1996. ??? ???? ?
????'??
???????? ???? ???? ???? ??????? ???????.
[7]
???? ?????? ??? ????? ??????? ?????? ???? ?? ?????????? ?????????, ??-1946 ??? ????? ??
Sierra Club Bulletin
, ?????? ?????? ?????. ??? 1947 ?-1954 ??? ????? ?? ?????? ??????? ???????? ???? ?????? ??????? "????? ??????" (High Trips).
[7]
?-1952 ???? ????"? (executive director) ?????? ?? ?????? ?????. ???? ???? ?????? ?? ???? 17 ????. ?? ????? ?????? ??????? ??? ?-2,000 ??? ?????? ?-77,000 ??? ????, ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ??.
[2]
??? ?????? ???? ????"? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ????? ??? ????? ??
???? ????? ?? ????? ?????
(USBR) ????? ??????
???? ????? ?? ??? ????????
??? ????? ?
???? ???
(Echo Park) ????
???????? ?????? ????????
. ???? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ?????, ?? ??????
?'?? ????
, ??????? ????? ?? ????
??? ???????
?????? ?
?? ????????
, ????? ??
??? ??' ??'?
?????? ????? ?????? ???????. ??? ????? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ???? ??????? ?? ???? "??? ????????" (
This is Dinosaur
) ???? ???
????? ?????
(Wallace Earle Stegner; 1993-1909) ??????? ?????? ?????? ????? ????? (Martin Litton) ?????? ???? (Philip Hyde) ?????? ????? ????? (???? ??? ?????? ??????
????? ????
), ??? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ?????, ????? ?????? ??????? ?????. ???? ???? ??? ??? ?????
???????
?????? ???? ?? ??? ??' ??'? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ??????? ??????? ????? ????? ??????.
??? ????? ????? "????? ??? ?? ?? ????? ???? ??? ??????, ??? ?? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??????????? ???????? ?? ??????"
[8]
?????? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ??????? ?????? ????? ???? ???. ?-1955 ?????? ?-USBR ??? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ????? ??? ????? ????? ????
???? ????? ?? ??? ????????
??? ????? ?-1956. ?????? ?????? ??????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????????, ???????? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ??. ??????? ?? ?????? ????? ????? ??? ??? ???? ??? ??? ?????? ???? ?????? ???????.
[9]
?? ???, ???? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ???? ????? ??? ???? ??????? ?????? ????? ??????? ?????? ???? ????? ?? ????????, ????? ???????? (Flaming Gorge Dam) ??
????? ???
. ????? ???? ????? ??????? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ??? ?? ??? ?????? ????? ??????? ???? (
??? ?????
) ?? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ???. ???? ????? ???? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ????
??? ????? ???
??? ????? ??? ???? ????? ??????? ???? ??? ????? ??
???????? ?????? ?????? ?????'
.
?????, ??? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ?????, ????? ???? ????? ????? ???????? ???? ???? ??? ???? ??????? ????? ??? "?????? ?????? ????? ?? ??????? ???" ?"???? ????? ????? ???????". ?-1963, ??????? ??? ????? ??? ??? ????? ???????, ????? ?????? ????? ??? ?? ????? ???, "????? ???? ?? ????" (The Place No One Knew), ??? ???? ?? ????? ????? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ???????? ??? ????? ?????, ?? ????? ???? ?? ?????.
????? ????? ???? ??? ???? ?? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ?????, ?????? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ??????? ???????? ????? ?? ????? ???. ??? ?-1949 ???? ??????? ??? ??
???? ????? ???? ????????
(The Wilderness Society) ????? ??-?????? ??? "??? ????? ???? ????????" (Wilderness Conference) ???? ??? ???? ???? ???? ???????, ?????? ?????, ?????? ??????
??? ????? ???? ????????
(Wilderness Act) ?-1964.
?-1960 ??? ????? ????? ???? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ??????? "?? ??? ????? ?????????" (
This Is the American Earth
), ??-1962 ???? ????? ??????? "????? ????? ??? ?????? ???" (
In Wildness Is the Preservation of the World
) ?? ?????? ??? ??????? ???? ???? ??
????? ?????
(Eliot Furness Porter; 1990-1901).
???? ????
??????? ???, ??????? ??????? ?????
???? ?????? ?????
, ????? ?????? ????? ???? ?? ????? ?? ?????? ?????. ????? ????? ???????? ????? ?-50,000 ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ??????? ??? ?? 10 ?????? ????. ????? ??? ?????? ??? ??? ??? ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ????, ??? ?? ???? ??? ?????? ?? "????? ?????". ?? ??????? ??? ????? ??? ?????? ?? ?????? ????? ??? ???? ????? ????? ??? ?????? ?????? ????????, ?? ???? ???? ???? ??????, ?-60,000 ???? ??? ??? ???? 1964. ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ??? ????? ???? ??????? ??? ??????????? ?? ?????? ???? ?????.
[10]
??? ???? ??????? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ????? ?-60 ??? ????? ????? ?? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ????? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ??
???? ?????
?????? ???? ?????? Pacific Southwest Water Plan (?????? ???? ?? ???? ???? ???????).
?-1964 ???? ????? ??? ????? ????? ??? ?
???????
??? ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ??????? ????? (Francois Leydet). ?????? ???? ??? ???? ???? "???? ????? ??????" (
Time and The River Flowing
) ????? ?? ???????? ???????? ?????? ???????.
?-1966 ???? ??????? ????? ?? ??? ???? ??? ????????
???? ???? ?????
?
????????? ????
, ?????? "???? ?? ????? ????? ?? ????? ?????". ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ??????, ???? ???? ?????, ?????? ??????? ????? ??????? ????? ?????? ??????, ??? ????? ??????? "??? ??? ?????? ????? ??
????? ?????????
?? ??? ???????? ?????? ??????". ??????? ???? ?? ?? ????? ???? ???????, ??????? ?? ?? ?????? ????????, ?-
IRS
, ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ????? ?
???? ??? ????? ????
???????? ?? ?????? ??? (?????? ?? ?? ?????? ???????? ????? ???? (c)(3)501
[11]
) ?? ??? ?????? ???????. ?????????? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ??? ??? ?????? ?-1960 ?? "??? ?????? ?????" (Sierra Club Foundation) ?????? ???? (c)(3), ??? ???? ?????? ??????? ??????? ????? ??????? ????? ?????? ?
??????
. ????? ???, ????? ????? ??????? ???????, ??????? ?? ?????? ??????? ?????. ?????? ??????, ????? ???, ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ??????? ?? ??? ?-IRS, ?-30,000 ?-1965 ?-57,000 ?-1967 ?-75,000 ?-1969.
[12]
???????? ???????? ????? ???? ?? ??????? ????? ????? ????? ?????. ??? ?????? ????? ????? ?? ????? ????? ????? ????. ????? ??????? ?? ????? ??? ????? ????
????
, ??????? ???????? ???? ??? ???? ????? ???? ??? ?????. ?????? ???? ?? ????
???? ???
?????
?????? ?
???????
????? ??????
????'
(Navajo Generating Station). ??????? ???????? ??????? ?? ?????? ????? ??? ??? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ???? ????? ?????
??? ?????
. ????? ??????, ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?-60 ?????? ????? ?? ?? ?????? ????.
????? ????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ????? ?? ????? ?????, ?????? ????? ?? ????? ????? 501(c)(3) ????? 501(c)(4), ?????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ???? ?????? ???, ???? ??????? ??? ??????????? ???? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ????? ???????. ??????? ????? ?? ??????? ??? ?-100,000 ???? ?-1967 ?-1968 ??-200,000 ???? ?-1969. ????? ???? ????? ????? ???????? ?? ??????? ????
???? ???? ????????
????? ????? ???? ??????? (Pacific Gas and Electric ????? ????? PG&E) ????? ????? ?????? ??????, ????? ????
?? ????? ???????
??????????. ?? ?? ???????? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ??????? ?? PG&E ?????? ???? ??? ??????? ?
????? ???
(Bodega Bay) ?????? ???? ?-60, ????? ???? ???????? ????? ???? ??????? ?? ?????? ??????
?????? ????
??? ????? ?
???? ?? ??????
, ??? ???????? ?????? ?
?????? ???????
. ?????? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? (Nipomo Dunes), ??? ????? ????? ??????, ?????? ??????, ????? ??????????? ????? ??????? ?? PG&E ????? ????? ???? ??. ???? ??? ???? ??????? ?-1967 ??? ?????? ???????????, ??? ????? ???? ?????? ?
???? ??? ???????
??? ???? ???? ??? ?????, ???? ???? ??? ?? ?? ???????? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ???????. ?????? ??? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ??????? ??????? ????????? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ??????? ??????? ???????????. ????? ????? ????? ??? ??????? ?? 1968, ??? ??????? ?? ????? 1969 ??????? ?? ???? ???? ??????????? ?????? ????? ??????? ??????. ???? ???? ?????? ???'?? ??????, ????? ??????? ??????? ????? ???????????, ?????? ?? ???????? ??????, ???? ??????? ???? ??????? ?????? ????? ??????? ????-???? ??????? ???????????, ????? ???????? ????? ????. ??????????? ????? ???? ???? ????? ???? ?? ???????? ?? ?????.
???? ???-?? ?????? ????? ?? ??????? ????? ???? ?????????? ?????? ???? 1983 ?-1988 ???? ??? 1995 ?-2000. ???? ???? ??? ????? ????? ???? ??????
???????? ?????????
??
?????
, ?????? ???? ??? ???? ?? ??? ???? ???????????, ??? ??? ?? ????? ????????????, ??? ?????? ???? ????. "???????? ????????? ??? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????", ?? ???, "??????? ??? ??? ????? ??. ?????? ????? ?? ?????".
[13]
??? ???? ?????? ??????? ????"? ?????? ????? ?-1969 ??? ????? ?? ??????
????? ???? ????
(Friends of the Earth) ????? ????? FOE. ???? ?????? ?????? ???? ?????, ?????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???? ??????
??? ???? ????
?????? ?-1970. ?????? ?? ??? ?????? ???? ?????? ???? ?? ?????? ???? ??? ?? ????? ?'?? ???? (John McPhee) ?
??? ?????
, ?????? ???-?? ???? ??????? "?????? ?? ???? ??????" (
Encounters with the Archdruid
), ???? ??? ???? ?? ????? ???? ???????? ??? ????? ?
??????
?????? ?????? ????? ?????? (Floyd Dominy; 2010-1909) ???? ????? ?? ???? ?????. ????? ???? ???? ??????? ???? ?????? ?????? ??, ????-?? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ?
???? ?????????
???.
???? ?? ????? ????? ???? ???? ???? ??? ????????, ??????? ??? ???? ?????
?????????
. ??? ??? ??? ??? ????? ??? ??????? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ?? FOE ??????????. ?-1970 ?????
????? ?? ?????? ??????
(League of Conservation Voters), ??-1971 ??? ???? ?? ???? ??????? ?????? (Environmental Policy Center). ?????? ??????????? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ????????? ?? ????? ???? ???? (FOE International), ?????? ????? ?? ??????? ????? ?-44 ?????.
[14]
????? ?? ??? ??????? ?????? ???? ?? ???????, ??????? ???? ????? ?? "?????? ?????????" (
The Environmental Handbook
), ?????? ????? ??? ???? ????, ??? ?? ??? ???? ?????? ???.
?? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ???? ???? ??????????, ??? ????? ?? FOE ????? ??????? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ??????. ?????? ???? ???
????? ???? ?? ?????
, ???
???? ??????
?? ????
(?????? ?
???????
), ???
?????? ???????
???? ?????? ?
????'?? ?????'
, ???? ???? ????, ??? ???? ????? ??????
????? ???????
. ???? ?
????? ?????
???? ?
???? ????? ?????
?-1980, ????? ?-FOE ?? ???????? ????????? ??
????? ?????
?'???? ???
(James G. Watt) ????? ??????? ????? ???????? ????? ????? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ??????? ????????. ????? ??? ?????? ???? ?-FOE ???? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ?-1979, ??? ????? ???? ????? ??? ???????????. ?? ?-FOE, ????? ??? ?????? ??????? ?????, ????? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ???????????, ??? ???? ???? ???? ????? ????? ?? ?-FOE. ?????? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ?-1984 ??? ????? ?? ??????????? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????. ??? ???? ???????????? ??? ???? ???? ????????, ??? ????? ????? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ??????. ?-1985 ????? ??????????? ????? ?? ????? ??? ???????? ?????? ??????????. ????? ????? ??? ???? ?????? ???? ?????? ???? ??. ?-1986 ????? ????? ?? ??? ????? ???????
???? ??? ???? ????
?????.
???? ??????? ?? ???? ??? ???? ????
[
????? ??? ????
|
?????
]
????? ???? ??
???? ??? ???? ????
?-1982. ???? ?????? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ????????? ?-1986 ???? ????? ?? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ????????? ??????? ?
????????
????? ?????. ?? ???? ???? ??? ??????????? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ?????"??? ???????? ??????? ?????? (David Philips) ??'?? ???? (John Knox) ????? ?? ??????. ?????? ????? ???? ??? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ?????, ??????? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ?? ???????. ??????? ?????? ??? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ?? "??? ?????? ?? ??? ????" (Rainforest Action Network), ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????? (Environmental Project on Central America) ????? ?????. ????? ?????? ????? ???????? ?? ???????, ???? ????? ?????? ?????, ??????, ?????? ?? ???? ???????? ??????? ???? ???? ????. ????? ?????? ??????????? ?????? ????? ???? ??? ?????? ??????, ??? ?? ???? ??????????? ?? ???? ?????? ???????? "????? ???? ?????" (Native Forest Council) ?-1988 ?? ???? ???? 2000. ????? ??? ????????? ??
???? ?????
?
?????? ??????? ????? ????? ???? 2000
.
[15]
??? ????? ?????? ????? ??????? ?
?????
????? 2000, ?????? ???? ????? ??? ???? ?????.
[16]
????? ?? ????? ??????? ?????????? ?-5 ??????? 2000. ??? ??? ?? 88 ?????.
[17]
"????? ???? ???? ????", ??????? ?????? ????? ??????? ????? ???? ????. ????? ?????? ????? ??? ??????
- ????? ??? ????? ???? ????? (????? 1978, 1979 ?-1998) ?
??? ???? ?????
.
- ???? ??? ???? ????, ????? ???? ??? ?????, ???? ??? ??? ?? ???? ????? ?? ?? ????? (Brower Youth Awards).
[18]
- ???????? 2006, ?? ???? ???? ????, ????? ?????? ????? ?? ??????? ????? ??? "????? ???? ???? ????" (Spaceship Earth). ??????? ????? ????? ???? ???? ???? ?
???????
???? ?
?????
????? 175 ??? ????? ??????? ???
???
?????? ???? ?? ??????, ????? ???? ???? ?? ??????? ????? ????. ??? ????? ????? ??????? ????? ????? ?
?????????? ?????
(Kennesaw State University) ??
?'???'??
. ????? ?
???
???????? ?????
????
???? (Eino) ????? ??
???
???? ??????? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ??????? ?? ???? ???? ????. ????? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ???? ???? ????? ???? ????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ???-??. ?????? ????? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ??????? 2007.
[19]
- ?-2009 ???? ??????, ??? ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ??????, ???? ??????? ????? (David Brower Center). ???? ?? ?-4,500 ?"? ?????? ??????, ?????? ????? ??????????? ???????? ?????? ????? ????? ??????. ?? ?????? ?????? ???? ??????? ?? ???? ??? ???? ????.
[20]
- ????????? ?????? ?
????????
(??? ???? ???
[21]
), ?? ????????? ?????? ?????????? (??? ???? ????
[22]
) ????? ??
?????
?????
”????? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ????????, ????? ????? ???? ???????”
("We do not inherit the earth from our fathers, we are borrowing it from our children") ??????? ?? ???????? ?????, ?? ?? ??? ?? ??? ?????? ?????? ??.
[23]
- Brower, David,
For Earth's Sake: The Life and Times of David Brower
(Salt Lake City: Gibbs-Smith, 1990). ISBN
0-87905-013-6
- Brower, David with Steve Chapple,
Let the Mountains Talk, Let the Rivers Run
(New York: HarperCollins, 1995). ISBN
0-06-251430-X
- Brower, David, & the Sierra Club, eds.,
Wilderness: America's Living Heritage
(New York Vail-Ballou Press, Gillick Press, 1961).
- Cohen, Michael P.,
The History of the Sierra Club, 1892-1970
(San Francisco: Sierra Club Books, 1988). ISBN
0-87156-732-6
- Fox, Stephen,
John Muir and His Legacy: The American Conservation Movement
(Boston: Little, Brown, 1981). ISBN
0-316-29110-2
- John McPhee,
Encounters with the Archdruid
(New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1971). ISBN
0-374-14822-8
- ^
???? ?????? ???? ????? ??? ????? ???? ???
Echo Lake Youth Camp
- ^
1
2
3
David Brower
- ^
??? ??????? ????? ??????
- ^
Chris Jones,
Climbing in North America
, page 134 - 137 (American Alpine Club & University of California Press, Berkeley, 1976) ISBN
0-520-02976-3
- ^
David Ross Brower, 1912-2000
- ^
Pursuit in the Alps
- ^
1
2
David R. Brower,
1952 Sierra High Trip
,
- ^
?? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ???? The History of Large Federal Dams: Planning, Design, and Construction. ??' 398
- ^
Fox,
John Muir and His Legacy
, p. 289
- ^
Stephen Fox,
John Muir and His Legacy: The American Conservation Movement
, pp. 272-290, 316-322
- ^
????? ?????? ????? ????? ???? ???????? ?? ???? ?????? ???
- ^
Michael P. Cohen,
The History of the Sierra Club, 1892-1970
, pp. 333-394.
- ^
Immigration's Dire Effect On The Environment
- ^
?? ??????
??? ????? ???? ???? ????? ??????
- ^
??????? ???? ????? ???? ???????? ?? ?'???' ???, ??? ?????? ?
?? ???
???? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ?????
- ^
David Brower, 1912-2000: Nature advocate defended wilderness
- ^
David Brower, an Aggressive Champion of U.S. Environmentalism, Is Dead at 88
???? ?
???? ???? ?????
- ^
Brower Youth Awards
- ^
Sculptor rebuilds Ga. university’s $1M sculpture of Earth following collapse
- ^
??? ???? ??????? ?????
- ^
Indian philosophy? maybe?
- ^
???? ?? ????? ????????
- ^
???? ?? ???? ?????
?-Quote Investigator