?? ?'???' ???? ?????. ????? ?-1891.
?? ?'???' ???? ?????
(?
??????
:
George Biddell Airy
; 27 ????? 1801 - 2 ?????? 1892) ???
????????
?
????????
?????. ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??
???????
????????
, ????? ??????? ??????? ?? ???? ????, ???? ?????? ????? ??-?????? ?
?????? ?????
, ??????
?? ????? ?????
?
??????'
?????? ?????? ????????? ???????. ?? ???????? ??? ????? ????? ??????? ?????, ????? ?????? ????????? ?????? ???
???????
????? ?? ???????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??
?????
.
?????? ?-1825 "
On a peculiar defect in the eye, and a mode of correcting it
", ????? ??? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ?
??????????
, ???? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ??????? ??????? ????? ?
?????
??????? ?????? ?????? ????? ???? ??. ?????? ?-1838 "
On the intensity of light in the neighbourhood of a of a caustic
", ????? ??? ?????? ?????
??????
?????? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ?
??? ????
, ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????????????? ??????? ?????? ???? ?? ????. ???? ?? ??? ???????? ???????? ?????????? ??????? ????? ??? ????? ??
??? ?????
?????? ????, ?????? ??
??????? ????????
. ????? ???? ?? ????????? ??? ????
[1]
?????? ???? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ????? ???? ??????? ?? ??? ????. ????? ????, ???? ????? ?? ????? "
On the Diffraction of an Object-Glass with Circular Aperture
", ????? ??? ???? ??
????? ?????
??? ???????? ????????? ?????? ????? ??????. ?-1831
?????? ?????
?????? ?? ????
????? ????????
?? ?????? ???.
?????? ?????? ????????? ???????, ????? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ??????? ???????????, ???? ??????? ??????????? ?????
[2]
????? ?-double image micrometer, ?-alazimuth, ?-reflex zenith tube ??-transit circle.
??? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ??
????? ?????
?? ??? ??????
?????
, ?"?????? ?????" (????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????) ????? ?? ???.
?-1841 ????? ?????? ?????
Tides and Waves
, ???? ?????? ??????? ?
?????? ???????
??????? ?
???? ????
??
??? ??
. ?? ?? ?? ?????? ?????? ???? ?????? ????? ?????, ??? ?? ???? ??? ??????? ?????? ?? "??????? ?? ???? ??????" (??' 281?344), ??? ?-"??? ?? ??????? ?????" (??' 344?351). ????? ??? ?????? ?????? ???? ???????? ??????? ?? ??? ???, ?????? ?? ??????? (????????? ????) ?????? ???
??????? ????? ?? ?????
. ?? ?? ?? ?????? ???????? ????? ???? ?? ??? ?????? ?????, ??????? ?? ????? ??? ??????? ????? ?? ?? ???????? ???? ?????? ?????? ???, ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ??? ??? ??????? ?????? ????. ???? ???, ????? ???? ???? ?????? ??????? ??????? ???, ??? ?? ??????? ????? ?????. ??? ???? ??????? ???? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ?????.
?????? ?? ????? ?? ??-?????? ??? ??????? ??
????
?
???? ????
??? ??????? ??????? ????? ???????? ?????. ????? ???? ?? ???????? ?? ??????? ??????? ?? Delambre ??? ??? ??? ?????? ?????? Delambre ????. ????? ???? ????? ?? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ??????? (mean motion) ?? ???? ??? ?? ???? ?????? ????? ?? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ??? ?? ????? ??????? ??????? ?? ???? ????, ???????? ?????? ????? ????? ???, ?? ?? ?? ???? ??? ????, ???? ?????????? ??
???????? ?????????????
???? ?? 2,200,000, ????? ???? ?? ????? ?? ?? ?????? ???? ?????? ????? ?? ??? ????? ?? ??? 240 ??? (
Phil. Trans. cxxii. 67
). ????? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ?? ?????? ????????, ???? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ??????? ??????? ??????? ??? ????? ???? ?
?????
. ???? ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ??
?????? ??? ?? ????? ???????? ???????????
?-1833 (??? ???? ????? ?? ??? ?-1846).
?-1872 ??? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ??????? ?????? ????? ????, ????? 71 ??? ??? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????? ???. ????? ???? ?? ????? ??? ???? ?-Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, vol. xxxiv, No. 3. ????? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ???????? ??????? ?? Charles-Eugene Delaunay.
????? 1846, ????? ??? ?????? ?? ????????? ??????
????? ??-?????
????? ?????? ??? ????-???????? ??????
??????
?? ????? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ?? ??. ????? ???? ??? ?????????? ?'?? ?????' ???? ??????????' ??? ?????? ?????, ?-9 ????? ????? ????? ????? ?? James Challis ?? ??????? ????? ???? ????? ????? ??? ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ???? ??????. ????? ?? ???, ????? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ??????? ???, ????? ??????? ?? ??-?????, ???? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ????. ?? ?? ?? ?????? ??? ??????? ????? ??? ??????? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ????, ????? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ???????? ????? ??? ???????? ????? ??????? ???? ???????? ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? ????? ??????? ??
????????? ???????
.
?-1862, ????? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ??? ?
?????
??
????
?
????
. ????? ????, ??????? ????? Airy stress function method, ???? ????? ??? ????? ??????? ?????? ??-?????? ???? ?
?????? ?????
, ???? ???? ?????? ???? ??
?????? ????
.
?????? ???????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????????? ?? ??????, ??? ????? ??? ??? ??
???? ??????
- ????? ????? ???????? ????????? ?????? "????" ?? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ???? ???
????? ???? ????
. ?????? ????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ?????? ?????, ??? ??? ?????? ????? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ??????? ???? ???? ??????. ????? ???? ?? ??????? ?????? ??? ?????? ?-1840 "On the regulator of the clock-work for effecting uniform movement of equatorials"
[3]
.
??????? ??? ?? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ????? ????? ?? ????? ???-?????? ??
???? ?????? ????????????
, ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ??? ???? ?? ???????? (?????????????) ???-????????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ????, ????? ??????? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ??????; ????? ??? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ???-??????. ?????? ?? ????? ????? ??? ?????? ?????? ????? ?
???? ?????
??????? ????? ?????? ??????? ????? ??
?'???? ????? ??????
("On Governors").
????? ?????
?
??? ?????
??
??????????
???? ?? ??? ?? ?'???' ???? ?????
[4]
.
????? ???
????
???? ????? 518 ?????? ?????? ?????, ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ????????????? ??? ??????? ?-1896. ??? ??????? ????? ????????? ???? ????? ??:
- Airy, G. B. (1826)
Mathematical Tracts on Physical Astronomy
- ???? ?? ?????? ?? ??????????.
- (1828)
On the Lunar Theory, The Figure of the Earth, Precession and Nutation, and Calculus of Variations
, ????? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ??????? ?? ?????? ???????? ???????? ?? ???? ??????? ?????? ???.
- (1839)
Experiments on Iron-built Ships, instituted for the purpose of discovering a correction for the deviation of the Compass produced-by the Iron of the Ships
; and - ????? ????? ?????? ???? ?? ?????? ??
???? ?????
?????? ??????? ???????? ?????.
- (1861)
On the Algebraic and Numerical Theory of Errors of Observations and the Combination of Observations
- ????? ????? ?
?????????
????????? ?? ??????.