?'?? ?'???? ???????

?'?? ?'???? ???????
John James Audubon
????	26 ?????? 1785 ; ?? ????, ??-?????
?????	27 ?????? 1851 (???? 65) ; ??? ???? , ????? ?????
?? ????	Jean?Jacques Rabin
?????	????? ????? , ????
???? ?????	Trinity Church Cemetery and Mausoleum
???? ??????	????? ?????
?? ?? ?? ???	???? ???????
?????

?'?? ?'???? ??????? (? ?????? : John James Audubon ; ‏ 26 ?????? 1785 , ?? ????, ????? ? 27 ?????? 1851 , ??? ???? ) ??? ???? ??????? ? ????? ??????? ????? ????? . ?????? ??????? ??? ? ??? "???????? ?? ??????". ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ? ???? ???? ; ????? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ?????.

?????? ???????? ????? ????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

??? ???? ( *Icterus melanocephalus audubonii* )

??????? ???? ? ??? ??? ???? ???? ?? ?? ???? ????? ??????? . ???? ?? ?? ???, ?'?? ????, ??? ????? ???? ?????? ???? ?????. ??????? 1788 ??????? ??? ??? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ? ???? . ????? ??? 1789 ???? ????? ???? ????? ?'?? ?'?? ???? ???????. ???? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ?'??-???? ???? , ????? ????? ??????? ????? ????? ???????, ??? ???? ???? 1803 ??????? ?? ????? ????? ????? ????? ?????.

?? ?-18 ??? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ????????. ??? ??? ???? ????? ??? ??? ? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ?? ??? ? ????????? , ?? ??? ??? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ?????, ???? ??????? (Bakewell). ???? ????????? ??? ?????? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ????????, ???? ???? ???? ?? "?'?? ?'???? ???????" - ??? ???????? ?? ???? ?? ???? ???. ?? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ??? ???; ??? ?? ? ???? , ???? , ? ????? . ???? 1808 ??? ????? ?? ???? ???????.

???? ???? ???? ????? ????? ?? ?? ????? ? ????? ?????? ?????? ? ???? ?????? : ??? ???? ??????? ?? ????? ???? ?? ??? ??? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ?????. ????? ?????? ???? ?????, ?????? ????????? ? ????? . ????? ?? ??? ??? ??? ???? ????? ? ??????? , ?? ??? ????? ???? ???? 1810 ?? ??????? ?????? , ???? ??????? ??????? ???? ????? ?????.

???? ?? ??????? ???? ??? ??? ??? ????, ?????? ?????? ??'?? ???????, ???, ?? ?? ??? ???? ????. ??? ???? ???? ?????, ??????? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ????. ???? ???? ???? ??????, ???? ????? ??? ?????? ???? 1819 ???? ???? ???? ????? ??? ???? ???? ??? ??? ? ??? .

??? ????? ??? ??? ????? ?????, ??? ??? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?? ?? ???? ???????? ????? ??????, ???? ??? ???? ??? ????? ???? ?????, ???? ??? ???? ????? ??? ????????? ??? ?? ????? ????? ?'??? ?????? (??? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ???? ???? ??????? ??????? ????? ?????). ????? 1821 ???? ? ??? ??????? , ?? ?????? ???? ??????. ???? ????? ??? ??? ?????? ????? ???? ? ????????? , ?? ??? ????? ????? ??? ????? ???? ??? ???? ?? ??? ???????? ????????. ????? ???????? ????? ???? ??????? ??????? ????? ??????? ? ????? ?????. ??????? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ???????? ??????? ???? ???? ????.

??????? ??? ???? ?? ?? ???? ???? ???? ???? ???????: ?????, ??? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ??????? ????, ???? ????? ?? ??? ??? ??? ????? ????. ???? ??? ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ????? ????? ???? ?????. ???? ??????? ?? ?? ???? ???? ?? ???? ?? ??????? ?? ??? ???????? ??????? ?????? ????? ??, ????? ?? ??????? ??????? ?????. ???? ??? ????? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ?-100 ??????? ????.

????? ?? "???????? ?? ??????" [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

??????? ???? ????? ????? ??"? ????????? ??????? ???, ???? ??????? ?? ???, ??? ????, ???? ????? ???????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ???????. ???? 1826 ??? ??????? ?? ?????? ??? ??????? ????? ????. ?"??? ???????", ????? ??????? ??????? ?? ???? ????????, ??? ??? ??? ???? ??????????. ????? ???? ?? ???? ????????, ????? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ????. ???? ?????? ????? ??????, ??? ??? ????? ??? ??????? ???? "???????? ?? ??????", ?????? ????? ?-1,000 ?????, ????? 435 ?????? ???????? ????? ??.

???? ??? ?????? ?????, ??? ???? ?'???' ?????? ????? ????????. ????? ????? ????????? ????? ??????? ?? ???? ? ??? ??? ?????? ???????? ?????. ???? ??????? ????? ???? ?????? ??? ?'???? ?????? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ?????????.

??? ?? ???? ? ????? ?????? ????????? , ??? ??????? ??? ?? ???? "????? ????" (????????? ????????????? ) ?? ???? ????????. ?????????? ?????? ?????? ?? ???????? ?? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ????? 1827 ?-1838. ?? ???? ?????? ???????, ??? ???? ????? ?? ????? ?? ??????????? ?????? ???? ??, ??????? ??? ?? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ?????? , ????? ??? ?????? ? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ? ????? , ?????? ?? ??? "???? ???????". ???? 1842 ???? ???? ?????? ???????? ?? ???????? ?? ??????.

??????? ??? ??????? ???????? ? ?????? ???? ????. ?? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??? ???? 1843. ?????? ?????? ?????? ???? ??, "??????? ?? ???? ??????" (Viviparous Quadrupeds of North America), ?????? ????? ?? ??? ??? ?????, ? ???? ? ?????? ?'?? ????, ???? ????? ???? ????? ?? ???????. ?'?? ?'???? ??????? ???? ???? ?????? ??????? ???? ????.

????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

??? ??? ?????? ?????????? ?????? "???????? ?? ??????", ? ????? ?? ??????? ???? ?????? ??? ????. ?????? ????? ?? ???? ???? ???? ???? ????? ???. ???? ?? "???????? ?? ??????" ???? ? ????? ?????? ?? ??????'? ???? 2000 ????? ?-8,800,000 ???? ??????? . ?????? 2010 ???? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ?-7,321,250 ????? ?????? ?????? ? ???'??? , ???? ??? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ?? ?? ??????. ^[1] ????? ?? ???? ???? ???? ????? ?-26 ?????? 2011 ????? ??? ?????? ?-226. ^[2] ???? "??????? ??? ????" ?? ???? ?' ????? ???? ????? "???????? ?? ??????". ^[3]

?????? ??????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

??? ???? 1886 ???? ?????? ????? ????? ?? ????? ??? ???????? ?? ??? ?? ??????? ???? ???? ???????. ???? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ?? ???????. ???? 1901 ?????? ??????? ??? ????? ??; "????? ????? ?? ?????? ???????", ????? ??? ??? ????? ????? ??? ??? ??????? ??? ????? ????? ??? . ?????? ????? ???? ????? ?-500 ??????-????? ?????? ????? ????? ???? ????? ???, ?????? ?????, ????? ?????? ????? ??? ??????? ??????? ??????.

?????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

?????? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ??????? ?? ?? ?'?? ?'???? ???????, ????? ???? ??????? ? ????????? , ?? ???? ??? ?????? ????? ??? ????. ??? ???? ???? ???? ???????? ?????? ???? ????. ?? "?'?? ?'???? ??????? ????? ????", ????? ??? ????? ???? ? ????? ???? ??????? ?? ???????? ?? ???????. ????? ????? ?? ??? ???? ??????? ???? ????. ???? ??????? ???? ???? ??????? ????? ???? ????????? ??????? ?? ???, ??? ?? ?????? ???? ??????, ???? " ?????????? ???????" (Insectarium Audubon) ??????? ???????, ???? ??????? ??? ????? ?? ?? ??????? ???? ???????. ???? ??? ????????? ?????????? ????? ???? 2011 ???? ?? ??? ?? ??? ?? ???????.

????? ??????? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ???????.

???????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

???????? ?? ?????? (????????, 1827-1838)
????????? ????????????? (????????, 1831-1839)
??????? ?? ???? ?????? (Viviparous Quadrupeds of North America) (??? ????, 1845-1848)

?????? ????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

John Burroughs: John James Audubon .
Richard Rhodes: John James Audubon: The Making of an American. Vintage Books, 2006. ISBN 0-3757-1393-X
John Chalmers: Audubon in Edinburgh . National Museums of Scotland Publishing, 2003

??????? ???????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

???? ?????? ????? ?'?? ?'???? ??????? ? ??????????

???? ??????? ?????? ???? ?? ?????????? ????????
????? ??????? ?? ????? ???????? ?-Musee de la civilisation
National Audubon Society (???????)
????? ??????? ?? ????? ???????? (???????)
????? ???????-??????? ?????? ????? ????? ????? (???????)
?'?? ?'???? ??????? , ???? ??????????? ???????? (???????)
???? ?'?? ?'???? ??????? ? ?????? ??????? (???????)
?'?? ?'???? ??????? , ???? " Find a Grave " (???????)

????? ?????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

^ [ http://www.sothebys.com/app/live/lot/LotDetail.jsp?sale_number=L10413&live_lot_id=50 "Lot 50: The Birds of America; from original drawings by John James Audubon. London: published by the author, 1827?1838". Sotheby's. Retrieved 2010-12-10
^ 226th Birthday of John James Audubon
^ ???? ?' ?????, ??????? ??? ???? , ????? ?????? ? ?????? ????? , 2013

[1] [ http://www.sothebys.com/app/live/lot/LotDetail.jsp?sale_number=L10413&live_lot_id=50 "Lot 50: The Birds of America; from original drawings by John James Audubon. London: published by the author, 1827?1838". Sotheby's. Retrieved 2010-12-10

[2] 226th Birthday of John James Audubon

[3] ???? ?' ?????, ??????? ??? ???? , ????? ?????? ? ?????? ????? , 2013

[1]

[2]

[3]