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????? ??? ???? ??????? ????? ???????, ???? ????? ?? ??????? ?????? ???? ???, ???? ?????? ?? ?????????. ??? ??? ????? ??????, ??????, ???? ????? ????. ??? ???? ?? ????? ??? ????? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ??? ????? ????. ??? ??? ?????, ????? ?????, ?????, ????? ???????. ????? ???
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(??? ??? ?'?????) ???? ?????. ???? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ???????? ???? ????? ???? (???? ?? ?????) ?????? ????? ????? ????? (???????). ?????? ????:
"??? ??????? ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ?????? ????? ?????? ????. ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ???, ?????? ?????? ????? ?'??' ??? ??? ????? ????? ?? ??????? ???? ??? ?????? ?????? ???? ?????? ???? ?????, ???? ??'?? ????? ?? ??????????? ?????? ??? ?????. ??? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ????? ????, ??????? ??????, ???? ?????? ?? ????? ?????. ????? ??????? ??? ?? ???? ????? ????"
??? ????? ???? ????? ???? ?
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????, ???? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ?????, ????? ??????? ??? ??????? ???? ????? ????? ?????, ????? ????? ????? ? ???? ?????? ?? ??????? ????? (?? ??? ?? ??? ????). ??? ?????, ????? ?????? ???? ????? ??????? ?????? ???? ?
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, ???? 667 ?????? ???????? ?
1269
.
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[?]
(??, ????, ????, ????) ??????? (
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). ???? ??
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?
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]
???? ????? ??? ??????? ????????? ???? ???? ????? ????? ????? ????? ????? ??? ?? ?? ?? ???. ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ???? 1239 ?? ??? ????? ?????? ??????? ???? ???????? ?
???
. ?????? ???? ??? ??? ????? ???? ??? ???? ??????
??'? ??????
?????? ???
???? ?????? ?????
. ???, ?? ??? ?? ????? ???, ?????? ??? ????? ??? ??? ????? ??????
???? ?????
. ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ???? ???? 1239 ??? ???? ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ??????? ?
??? ??????
???? 1244. ???? 1246 ??? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ??, ????? ?? ??? ???? ????? ??????? (??? ????? ???? ???? ?? ???? ??????). ?
???
???? ??????
??? ????? ?? ??????? ???? ??
????
???? ??? ?????, ???? ???? ??????
????? ????'??????
(??? ??????? ????? ????) ????? ??????
????? ?????????
(?????????? ??????? ???????).
- Ibn ?Abd al-??hir,
al-Raw? al-z?hir f? s?rat al-Malik al-??hir
, ed. ?Abd al-?Az?z al-Khuway?ir, Riyadh 1396/1976
- Ibn Shadd?d,
Ta?r?kh al-Malik al-??hir
, ed. A?mad ?u?ay?, Wiesbaden 1983
- Amitai-Preiss, Reuven,
Mongols and Mamluks: The Mamluk-?lkh?nid War, 1260?1281
, Cambridge, 1995
- Peter Malcolm Holt,
The Age of the Crusades: The Near East from the Eleventh Century to 1517
, London, 1987
- Irwin, Robert,
The Middle East in the Middle Ages: The Early Mamluk Sultanate 1250?1382
, London and Sydney, 1986
- Thorau, Peter,
The Lion of Egypt: Sultan Baybars I and the Near East in the Thirteenth Century
, London, 1995
- Thorau, Peter, "Baybars I, al-Malik al-??hir Rukn al-D?n,"
Encyclopaedia of Islam
, THREE
- Wiet, Gaston, "Baybars I, al-Malik al-??hir Rukn al-D?n al-??li??,"
Encyclopaedia of Islam
, Second Edition, Vol. 1, pp. 1124-1126
- ^
bay ??? bey ??????? ????
- ^
??? ?????,
??? "?????", ???' ?????
, ??? 8, ???? ?????? ???????????? ??"?, ???"?, ??' 270
- ^
Eracles, in: RHC Occ, vol. II, pp. 446- 447; Ibn al-Furat, c. 1375, vol. II, pp. 57-59; al-Maqrizi, c. 1400b, I.i, pp. 199- 200
- ^
Ibn al-Furat, c. 1375, vol. II, p. 78; al-Maqrizi, c. 1400, I.iim pp. 8- 10
- ^
Benvenisti, 1970, p. 223; Pringle, 1993, vol. II, p. 384, no. 282
- ^
Ibn al-Furat, ibid, pp. 70- 71; al-Maqrizi, ibid, p. 7; Benvenisti, 1970, pp. 135-140