?????? ?????? ?????

?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ???? ??????? , ???????? ????????. ???? ???????, ??? ?????? ??? ??? ????? , ???? ??????? ?? ??? ????? ?? ????? , ??????? ??? ???????? . ????, ???????? ??? ???? ???? ??????? ?????? ????? ?? ??????. ?? ???? ???????? ????????, ??????? , ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ?? ?????. ???? ????? ???? ??????? ???? ??????, ???? ??? ????? ?? ????? ???? ?? ????? ???? ???. ???? ?? ?????? ?????? ???? ???????, ? ?????? , ????, ??????, ??????, ?????? ???? ??????; ??? ?? ??????? ??????? ??????? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ????????. ?? ?? ???? ?? ?????? ?????? ?'???? ????, ??? 519,682 ????? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ???? 2012. ^[1]

???? ? ???? ????? ????? ??? ????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ???????, ???? ??????, ??? ??????, ????? ?? ????? ????? ??????? ?????? ?????, ???? ????????, ?????? ?? ??????? (???? ?????? ??????? ???????), ????? ?? ???? ??????? ??? ?????, ??? ?? ????? ??????? ????????? ?????????. ??? ??????? - ????????, ????????? ????????? - ??????? ?? ??? ??????? ???????. ^[2]

?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ????? ????? ????? ???? ??????? ????? ????????? ?? ????? ?????. ???? ?????? ??????? ????? ?????? ?? ????????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? , ??????? ????? ??? ??? ????? ??????? ?????? ???? 1993. ?? ???? ????? ??????? ??? ???? ???????, ?????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????, ?????? ??????? ????????, ??? ??????? ??? ?? ???? ??. ????? ?????? ????? ???????? ???? ???? 1974 ????? ??????? ???????. ?? ?????? ??????? ???????, ?????? ???? 1975 ?? ?? ????? ???? ?????? ??????? ??????, ????? ??????? ????? ???? ?? ????? ??????, ????? ?? ?????? ???? ??? ?? ?????? ???????? ?? ??????, ????? ?? ?????? ??????? ?? ?????? ??????? ????? ?????.

??????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

??????? ??????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

??? ????? ? ??????? ??????? ????? ?????

??????? ??????? ????? ????? ???????? ??? ????? ????, ???? ? ??? ????? ???? ?-2 ?-8 ??????? , ??????? ??? ??? 1792 . ?????, ????? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??? ???, ???? ????? ???? ??????? ?? ?? ???????. ???? ????? ??????? ?? ? ???? (??? ??? ?????, ????? ????? ?????), ? ??? ??????? (??? ??? ?????), ??? ???????? ?? ????? ?????? , ??? ??????? ?? ???????, ???????? ?????? ? ?????? , ????????? ?????, ??? ?????. ???? ??? ?? ?????? ???????, ???????? ?????? ????? ?? ????????, ???? ????? ? ???? ????? ????? ?? ???? . ???????? ?????? ???? ????????, ????? ????? ? ????? . ?? ?? ?? ??????? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? (? ?????? ??????? ?? 2012 ??????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ???????) ? ??? ???? 1853 , ????? ?? ?????? ???????? ???? ? ??? ??????? ???????: ?????? ??????????? , ? ?????? ????????? .

????? ???????? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ???? ????? ????, ??? ?????? ??????? ??????? " ???????? ", ??? ??????? ????? ????? ??? ????? ?? ????? ??? ????. ???? ???? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?????, ?????? ????, ??????? ?? 2012 ???? ??? ?? ????? ????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ????? ????????. ????? ?? ?????? ????? ?? ???????, ???? ????? ?? ?? ??????? (???? ???? ??? ????? ?????????, ??????? ???? 2016 ), ?? ??????? ?????? ????? ???? ???? ????-???? ?????? ???? ????? ?? ???????, ??? ????? ?????, ???? ????? ???????.

??????? ??????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

??????? ???? ??????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

??? ????? ? ??? ??????? ?? ????? ?????

??????? ??????? ?????? ??? ??? ??? ???? ???? ????, ? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ??? ??? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? . ??????? ??????? ?????? ????? ?? ????????? ? ?????? ??????? ??????? ???? ?????? ???? ??????? ???? ???????. ?????? ???? ??????? ??????? ????? ?????? ??????. ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????, ???? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ???? ?????. ????? ???? ??? ????????? ??????? ????? ?? ??? ??????? ?? ?? ??? ?? ??????? ?? ???? ??? ?? ?????? ??????. ?????? ??????? ????? ????? ??? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?? ??? ???? ???????.

??? ????? ? ?????? ????? ????? ???? ????? ???? ???????, ???? ???? ????? ??????, ?? ?? ????? ????? ????? ????? ???. ?????? ??????? ?? ?? ???? ?????????? ????? ???? ??? ???? ??????? ? ?????? ????? , ??????? ?? ??? ??? ???????. ???? ?? ???? ??????? ??????? ??????? ?? ?? ?????? ?????, ?? ?? ??????? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ???????? ??? ?? ?? ?? ?????. ?? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??????? ????? ???? ????????. ?? ?????? ??????? ????? ????? ???? ??????????, ?????? ??????? ????? ??????? (Malapportionment) ???? ?? ??? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ????? ?????.

??????? ????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

??? ????? ? ????? ?? ????? ?????

?????? ?? ?????? ????? ?? ????, ?? ?????? ????? ?????? ??? ??????? (? ??? ????? ????? ??? ??? ?????? ?? ?????? ). ????????? ???????? ?????? ???? ?????? (Classes), ????? ??? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???? ??? ???, ????? ????? ????. ??? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ??? (???? ?????? ???????). ??????? ??? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ???? ???? "??????? ?????" ????? ?????? ????? ???? "??????? ?????".

????????? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ????. ???? ??? ??????? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ????? ?????? (??? ????? ??? ?????). ???? ?????? ?????? ??? ?????? ??????, ????? ??? ??? ????? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ??????. ?????? ????? ???? ?? ??? ??????, ???? ?? ???????? ??? ?? ?? ????? ????? ???? ?? ??? ?????? ???????. ????? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ?????, ??????? ?? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ??? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ???? ?????? ????? ???? ?? ??????? ?????? ??????? (???? ??? ????? ??????? ???). ?????? ????? ??????? ??????? ????? ?? ???? ????? ??? ???? ?????? ???????.

??????? ???????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

?????? ?? ?? ?????, ?????? ?? ??? ??? ??????? , ??? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ??????? ????????. ??? ??????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??? ????????, ????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????: ??? ?????, ?????? ??????, ?? ????, ??? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ??????. ????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??? ?????, ??? ???????? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ??????.

??? ??????, ??????? ???? ??????? ???????? ?????? ????? ?????? ???? ?? ??????? ????????. ????? ??? ???? ??? ???????? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ??????? ???????? ??????? ???????? ?? ???? ???????? ?????? ????? ??-?????? - ????'???? ???? ?'??? ?? ??????? ??????? ??? ???????? ?????? ??? ???.

????? ?????? ????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

??? ???? ????? ??????? (???? ?? ????? ????? ??????), ????? ????? ???? ??????? ????? ?????? ???? ????, ?? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ????? ?? ?????????. ?? ????? ?????? ??? ????????? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ??????? ? ????? ??????, ????? ?????? ?????? ?????.

????? ???? ?????????? ?????, ?????? ????? ??? ?????? ?????? ????? ???. ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ???? ?????? ??????? ??????. ???, ?? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??? ????????? ??? ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ???? ?????????? ?? ??????? ????? ?????? ??? ????????? ???? ?????? ??????.

????? ????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

??? ?? ???? ????. ??? ???? ?????????? ? ?????? ???? . ????? ?????? ????? ? ?? ????? .

???? ???? ??????? ???????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????, ??????? ????? ???? ???? ???? ??? ????? ??????? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ????? ????? ???????? ?? ??? ???? ??????. ???? 1845 ????? ?????? ??? ??? ?????? ??? ???? ??? ?????? ????? ?????. ??? ??????? ???? ????? ???? ? ??? ?????? ??? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ???????. ????? ?????? ??? ?? ??? ??? ??????? ??? ????? ??????? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ???? ???? ???.

??????? ????, ???? ??? ???? , ??? ?'??? , ????? , ????? ? ????? , ???? ??? ??????? ? ??? ????? . ??????? ?????, ?? ?? ?????, ????? ??????? ????? ???? ?? ????? ??? ?????? ???????. ??? ??? ??????? ???? ?????? ????????? , ?'?? ?????? , ???? ????? ?? ??? ??????? ? ?? ????? , ??? ??? ????????? . ?? ?? ?????, ??? ??? ?????? ????? ???? ??????? ? ???? , ??? ????? ??? ??????, ????? ?????? ???? , ??????? ?? ??????? ?????????.

????? ?????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

"????? ??????" ( Absentee ballot ) ??? ???? ?? ????? ??? ?????? ?????? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ??????? ????? ???. ?????? ??????, ????? ????? ????? ???? ??? ???? ???? ????, ?? ????? ???????, ?? ?????? ?????, ?? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ???????. ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ???? ?? ??????, ???? ?????? ?????? ????, ??? ????????, ?????, ?????? ????? ???? ????? ???????? ??????? ????? ????? ???? ?? ??????, ???? ??????, ????? ?????.

"????? ??????" ?????? ?????? ????? ??????? ????? ????? ???????. ??? ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? , ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? , ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?? 1864. ??? ??? ????? ??????? ??????? ???? ????? ?????? ???????. ????? ?? ????? ???????? ?????????? ?????? ????? ????? ??????? ????? ?? ????? ????????, ?'???' ?????.

?-1896 ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ???????. ?? ???? ???? ?-20 ??? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ?? ????? ?????? ? ????? ??? ????????.

????? ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ???? ??? ????? ? ????? ?????? "??????" ?????? ?????? "???????". ?????? ?????? ?????? ???? ?????? ?????? ???? ?? ??? ????? ????? ??????? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ???? ??. ?????? ?????? ???????, ?????? ???? ?-No Excuse ?? ?-No Fault, ?????? ???? ???? ???? "?????" ??? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ??. ????????? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ????? ?? 1978.

???? 1986 ??? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ? The Uniformed and Overseas Citizens Absentee Voting Act (UOCAVA) ( ??' ) . ???? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ????, ?? ?????? ??? ?????, ?? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????? ???? ?????? ????? ??? ?????? ???????? ????? ???? ?????? ?????.

????? ?????? ???????? ?? ???? ?-20 ???? ?????? ????? ????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ?? ????????? ????? ?????? ??????. ??, ????, ???? ?????? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ??????.

????? ??????? ?? ?-Absentee ballot ????? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ???? ???????? ?????? ??????.

????? ?????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

????? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ?? ????? ??? ?????? ?????? ???? ??????? ?????? ?? ??? ??? ??? ?????? ???? ??, ??????? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ???????.

???? ???? ??????? ???????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????, ??????? ????? ???? ???? ???? ??? ????? ??????? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ????? ????? ???????? ?? ??? ???? ??????. ???? 1845 ????? ?????? ??? ??? ?????? ??? ???? ??? ?????? ????? ?????. ??? ??????? ???? ????? ???? ? ??? ?????? ??? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ???????. ????? ?????? ??? ?? ??? ??? ??????? ??? ????? ??????? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ???? ???? ???.

?????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ????? ????? ?? ????????? ????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ??? ????? ???????, ?????? ????? ??????.

????? ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ?????, ?? ????? ????? ????????. ???? ???????? ???? ???? ???? ????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ??????????? ??????? ?????, ??? ???? ??? ???? ?? ????????.

????? ?????? ????? ?-31 ???????? ??? ???? ?????, ?????? ?-16 ???. ?-3 ???????? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????.

???? ???????? ?????? ????? ?? ????????? ??? ??????. ??, ????, ?? ???? ?? ????? ???? ???????? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ???? ?-20 ?? ???? 2000 ???? ????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ?-16% ???? ????????.

? ?????? 2004 ????? 22% ????????? ?? ????? ?????? ??????.

??????? ?? 2012 ?-46 ?????? ?????? ? ???? ???? ??????? ? ?????? ?????? ????? ?? ?????????. ????? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ??????, ?-17 ?????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??? ?????.

????? ????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

????? ????? ??? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ???? ????? ??????? ?????. ???? ?????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ??? ?????, ??? ??????? ?? ?????? ??? ?????, ??? ?????? ????????, ?? ??? ???? ????? ???????.

????? ????? ??? ?? ???? ????? ?? ???? ????? ?? ????? ????? ????? ????? ????????? ?? ??????. ?????, ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???? ?????? ??? ?????, ?? ???? ?????? ??????? ??? ?? ?????? ?????. ?? ?? ????, ?? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??? ?????. ????? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ???????? ??????? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????? ????? ??????? ???? ???????. ???????? ?????? ????? ???? ?? ??????? ?? ?????? ?????, ?? ?????? ???? ?????? ????? ???????? (Drop Box) ?? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ????????.

?-1981 ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ???? ?????????? (all-mail) ? ?????? ??????? ???????, ??? ??????? ??????? ? ????? 2000 ????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ???? ?????????? ??????? ???????. ???? 2011 ????? ????????? ????? ?? ???? all-mail, ??????? ???? 2013, ????? ??? ????? ???? ?? ?? ????, ????? ?????? ????????? ??.??.. ??? ???? ?????? ?????, ????? ???? ?????? ??????? ??? ?? ????? ????? ???????? ?????.

??????? ?? 2012 ?-46 ?????? ?????? ? ???? ???? ??????? ? ?????? ?????? ????? ?? ?????????. ????? ????? ?? ?????? ? ????? ?????? , ?-17 ?????? ??????? ?????? ? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??? ?????. ^[^{???? ????
]}

??????? ??????? ????? ????? ?? ??? 2016 ?-33 ?????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ????? (???? ??? ????????). ^[3]

?????? ????? ??????? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ?????. ???? ??????? ?????? ????? ???????? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ???. ^[4]

??????? ?????? ????? ????? ???? ?? ??????? ?? ??? ????????? ??? ??????? ?? ??? ??????? ^[5],

?? ?? ?? ??, ????? ??? ???? ??????? ????? ????? ??????? ??????? ?? ??? 2020. ??????? ?? ??????? ?????? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ????????. ^[6]^[7]

???? ????????? ??????? ?????? ????? ???? ?? ????? ???? ????? ???? ?-2020 ??? ???? ???????. ^[8]

??? ?? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

??????? ???????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

??? ???????? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?????

???? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ? ??????????

???? ???????
?????? ?????? ?????
FairVote.org
?????????? ?????? ?????? ?????: ????? ?????? ??????? ???????
?????????? ??????
?????? - ????? ????? , ?? ??? ? ?????? ???????

????? ?????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

^ "Archived copy" . ????? ?- ????? ?- 31 ???? 2015 . ???? ?- 2015-05-19 . {{ cite web }}: ( ???? ) ; ( ???? )
^ "Elections & Voting" . Whitehouse.gov . 2 ?????? 2015 . ???? ?- 14 ???????? 2017 . {{ cite web }}: ( ???? )
^ Corse, Alexa; McMillan, Robert ( 23 ???? 2020 ). "Voting by Mail in November? States Need to Prepare Now" . Wall Street Journal (??????? ????????). ISSN 0099-9660 . ???? ?- 2020-06-02 . {{ cite news }}: ( ???? ) ?????? - ?????: url-status ( link )
^ "Voting Outside the Polling Place: Absentee, All-Mail and other Voting at Home Options" . www.ncsl.org . ???? ?- 2020-07-02 .
^ Wines, Michael (2020-05-25). "Which Party Would Benefit Most From Voting by Mail? It's Complicated" . The New York Times (??????? ????????). ISSN 0362-4331 . ???? ?- 2020-05-28 .
^ Hill, Charlotte; Grumbach, Jacob; Bonica, Adam; Jefferson, Hakeem (2020). "We Should Never Have to Vote in Person Again" . The New York Times (??????? ????????). ISSN 0362-4331 . ???? ?- 2020-05-17 . {{ cite news }}: ?????? - ?????: url-status ( link )
^ Thompson, Daniel M.; Wu, Jennifer A.; Yoder, Jesse; Hall, Andrew B. (2020-06-09). "Universal vote-by-mail has no impact on partisan turnout or vote share". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (???????). 117 (25): 14052?14056. doi : 10.1073/pnas.2007249117 . ISSN 0027-8424 .
^ Gamio, Lazaro; Keefe, John; Lu, Denise (2020-09-22). "Tracking Absentee Votes in the 2020 Election" . The New York Times (??????? ????????). ISSN 0362-4331 . ???? ?- 2020-09-23 .

[1] "Archived copy" . ????? ?- ????? ?- 31 ???? 2015 . ???? ?- 2015-05-19 . {{ cite web }}: ( ???? ) ; ( ???? )

[2] "Elections & Voting" . Whitehouse.gov . 2 ?????? 2015 . ???? ?- 14 ???????? 2017 . {{ cite web }}: ( ???? )

[3] Corse, Alexa; McMillan, Robert ( 23 ???? 2020 ). "Voting by Mail in November? States Need to Prepare Now" . Wall Street Journal (??????? ????????). ISSN 0099-9660 . ???? ?- 2020-06-02 . {{ cite news }}: ( ???? ) ?????? - ?????: url-status ( link )

[ncsl-allmap-4] "Voting Outside the Polling Place: Absentee, All-Mail and other Voting at Home Options" . www.ncsl.org . ???? ?- 2020-07-02 .

[:12-5] Wines, Michael (2020-05-25). "Which Party Would Benefit Most From Voting by Mail? It's Complicated" . The New York Times (??????? ????????). ISSN 0362-4331 . ???? ?- 2020-05-28 .

[:03-6] Hill, Charlotte; Grumbach, Jacob; Bonica, Adam; Jefferson, Hakeem (2020). "We Should Never Have to Vote in Person Again" . The New York Times (??????? ????????). ISSN 0362-4331 . ???? ?- 2020-05-17 . {{ cite news }}: ?????? - ?????: url-status ( link )

[7] Thompson, Daniel M.; Wu, Jennifer A.; Yoder, Jesse; Hall, Andrew B. (2020-06-09). "Universal vote-by-mail has no impact on partisan turnout or vote share". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (???????). 117 (25): 14052?14056. doi : 10.1073/pnas.2007249117 . ISSN 0027-8424 .

[8] Gamio, Lazaro; Keefe, John; Lu, Denise (2020-09-22). "Tracking Absentee Votes in the 2020 Election" . The New York Times (??????? ????????). ISSN 0362-4331 . ???? ?- 2020-09-23 .

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[5]

[6]

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[8]