????? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ????

????? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ???? (????? ?? " ????? ???? ????? ???? " ?? " ????? ????? ") ??? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ??????? ??? ????? ?? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ? ?????? ??????? ????? ??????? ?????? ???, ??? ?????? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ??? ??????.

?????? ????? ???? ?????? ??? ???, ???? ??? ??????? ????? ? ???? . ?????? ????? ????? ??????? ?????? 38?40 ?? ??? ???? ????? ???? , ????"?-1961, ^[1] ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ???? (???? ?????? ????? ????? ?????, ?????? ??????? ???? ?? ????? ??? ???? ??????? ?????? ?????? ???), ????"?-1962. ^[2]

????? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ????????. ????? ??? 2013 ???? ?? ?????? 77% ????????, ????? ??????? 2015 ?????? ????? ???? ?-59.7%, ????? ????? 2017 ?????? ??? ??? 44%, ????? ????? ????? 2017 ?????? ??? ?? 34% (????? ???? 2018 ???? ?? ?????? 32% ????????).

????? ?????? ??' 38 ???? ???? ????? ????, ^[3] ????? ???? ???? ????? ???? ???????? ?????? ???????. ????? ??????? ???? ?? "???? ?????" ?????? ?? ??? ?? ???????. ???? ??? ????? ??????? ?-16 ???? 2017, ?? ??? ??? ??????? ????? ??? ^[4] (?? ???? ????, ????? ?? ????? ???? ????? ????). ?- 16 ?????? 2019 ?????? ??? ??????? ????? ??? , ?? ?????? ?? ??"? ???? ????? ?"? ???? ???? , ?"? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ???? ?? 60 ????? 65. ^[5]

???? ? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ??????? ?????, ??? ????? ???? ???????.

???? ?????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

?????? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ????, ?????? ??? ??????? ????? ??? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ????, ??? ????? ?????? 2017. ^[6] ???? ???????? ??? ????? ?? ???? ??????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ??????????. ???, ??? ?????? ??????? ????? ???? ?????? ???? ???????? ???????? ???? ?????? ???.

?? ????? ??? 2017, ?????? ?????? ???? ?????, ???? ?????? ??? ???? ??????, ????? ????? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ??????, ??? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ???-??. ?????? ?????? ????? 2017 ????? ?????? ???-??. ^[7]

????? ????? 2017 ?????? ????? ?????? ?????:

????? ????? - ??????? ?? ??????? ????? ??? ???? ??? ????? ????? ????? ???? ????? ????? ????? ?????, ???? ????, ????? ?? ???? ???. ????? ?? ??? ?? 20% ?????? ????? ??????? ?? 45 ????.
??? ??-????? ?? ???? ?????? - ???? ???? 40 ????? ?????? ?? ???? ??????? ?????? ???? ??????, ???? ????? ??? ?????, ??? ???? ??????, ??? ???? ??????, ???? ?????, ????? ????? ?????? ??????. ????? ?? ??? ?? 40% ?????? ??????? ?? ???? 100 ???? (?? ????? ????? 2018 ????? ???? ?? 90 ????).
??? ??-????? ?? ???? ?????? - ???? ?????? ??????? ??? ???? ??????? ?? ??, ????? 40 ?????, ??? ???? ?? ??????? ???? ??????, ???? ???? ??????, ???? ???????, ???? ??????, ???? ????? ????? ?????. ???? ?? ?????? ??????? ?????, ?????? ?? ????? ????? ?? ???? ??????. ????? ?? ??? ?? 40% ?????? ??????? ?? ???? 160 ???? (?? ????? ????? 2018 ????? ???? ?? 135 ????).

??? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ?? ?? ?-60 ?????? (?? ????? ???? 2018 ??? ?? ????? ????? ?? ?? 65 ?????? ??? ???? ???? ????? ?? ???? ??? ??????? ????????, ??? ??? ????? ??????). ^[8]

???? ?????? ??????? ???? (?? ???? 2017) [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

????, ????? ?????? ????? ???? ??-?????? ?????? ?????? ????? ???? ??? ??? ?? ?-20 ????? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ?-100 ????? ??? ??? ??? ???? ????? ???. ???? ?????? ??:

??? ??? ?????
??? ????? , ???? ???, ???? ????? , ???? ????? , ???? ???? ??????? ????? ??????
????? ????? , ???? ????? ? ????? ???
???? ??????? , ??? ??? ????? ????? ??????
???? ??????? , ????? ?????? ? ????? ???????
????? ????? ??????? ??????? (??? ?? ???? ???? ????? ???????? ??? ???? ???? ????. ??? ?? ??? ?????? ??? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ?? ?????)

???? ????? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ??? 2015. ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ??? ?? ????? ???? ????, ???? ???? ???? ????, ?? ????? ????? ????? ?? ????? 65 ?????, ?? ????? ????? ?? 12 ????? ????? ??? ???.

?????? ???-?? (?????) [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

?????? ???-?? ????? ????? ???? ??? ???????? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ???????, ??????? ?? ???? ????? 2017. ??????? ???-?? ????? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ???-?? ??? ??????? ??? ???? ?????. ?????? ?????? ?????? ???-?? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ??? - ???? ?????? ??????? ????? ?????? ?????. ???? ??? ?????? ???-?? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ???????, ???? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ?? ??? ????? ??? ????? ???????. ??? ?????? ??? ?? ??? 5 ???? ?-30 ????.

?????? ???-?? ????? ????? ???? 2017 ^[9].

????? ???? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

???? 2000 ???? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ???????. ??????? ?????? ??????? 2011 ????? ?-44% ????????. ??????? ?????? ??????? 2015 ????? ?-40% ???????? ???????? ?????? ???? 2016 ????? 46% ????????. ????? ??????? ??"? ??????? ????? ??????? ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ????, ???? ????? ?????? 2016 ?????? ???? ????? ??????? ??? ???????? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ????, ??? ????? ???? ?-70%. ^[10] ???? ???? ??????, ??? ???? ??????? ?????? ?????? 2016 ?-30% ?-37%. ^[11]

???? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ????:

???	????	???? ??????	???? ????
2009	???	2,713	77%
2009	??????	1,772	62%
2010	???	2,681	85%
2010	??????	1,618	72%
2011	???	2,595	68%
2011	??????	1,995	56%
2012	???	2,928	74%
2012	??????	1,904	66%
2013	???	2,839	78%
2013	??????	1,972	69%
2014	???	2,720	73%
2014	??????	2,073	63%
2015	???	2,700	82%
2015	??????	1,943	60%
2016	???	2,819	54%
2016	??????	2,481	37%
2017	???	3,436	44%
2017	?????	2,553	34%
2018	????	2,930	32%
2018	????? ^[12]	2,700	36%
2019	????? ^[13]	1,118	57%
2019	????	2,582	60.8%
2019	?????	2,492	48%
2020	??????	2,835	55%
2020	?????	2,381	53%
2021	????	2,526	51%
2021	?????	2,174	40%
2022	????	1,506	43%
2022	?????	2,188	62%
2023	????	1,957	49.5%
2024	??????	1,754	54%

????? ???? ??????? ?????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

????? ??????? ????? ??????? ????? ????? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ?????, ????? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ^[14] ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ??? ?? ??????. ^[15] ????? ??? ??????? ??? ???? ???? ??? ????? ?????? , ???? ???? : "??????? ????? ?? ???? ??? ???? ???, ???? ??? ???? ?? ???????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?? ?????? ???? ????? ????." ^[16]

??????? ??????? ?? ????? ?? ??? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ???? ????? ????? ????? ???-?? , ^[17] ??? ??????? ??????? ????? ????-?????. ????? ????? ??? ?????? ???? ??????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????, ?? ?? ?? 2016 ?? ???? ???? ??????. ?????? ???? ??? ??????? ??? ??????? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ??? ?????, ??? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ??? ???????? ????? ??????? ^[18].

??"? ???? ???? ????: "????? ?? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ???? ????. ??? ???? ??? ????? ???? ????, ???? ?? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ????." ^[19]

???? ??? ????? ??????, ???? ???? , ???? ?????? ??? ??????? ?????? ?????: "???? ??? ??? ??? ?????? ?? ??? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????'??? ??????, ??????, ??????? ??????? ?????, ??????? ??????? ???????, ?? ?????? ???? ???? ???????, ????? ?????? ?? ???? ??????? ????. ??? ?????? ???? ??????, ???? ??????? ??? ??? ????? ????? ????, ??? ???? ?? ??? ????? ??????." ^[16] ?? ???, ??? ??? ?????? ?? ??????? ??????, ???? ???? ???: "????? ???? ???? ????? ?? ????? ????, ?????? ?????????, ???? ??? ????? ?????. ??? ?? ????? ???? ?????? ??????? ???????? ????? ??????, ??? ????? ?? ??? ??? ????? ?????, ?? ????? ?? ?????, ??? ?????? ?? ?????? ???? ??????? ??????. ?? ??, ???? ?? ????? ?????, ??? ??? ???? ?? ????? ??????? ???, ?????? ??? ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ?????? ????? ???????" ^[16] ??? ???? ?? "???? ?? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ?? ??? ???? ?????? ??? ??? ????? ?? ??????. ??????, ?? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ?? ??? ???-??? ??? ???? ???? ??????, ???? ????? ????? ?? ???? ??????? ?? ?????? ???? ?????? ?? ?? ???? ??????? ?????, ????? ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ????? ??? ????? ????? ?? ?? ????, ??? ???? ??? ?? ???? ??????? ????? ???? ???? ???? ??? ????? ????? ?? ?? ????." ^[16]

???? ??? ????? ??????? ????? ???? ?????? ??????, ????? ??????? ??????? ????? ??????????.

??? ?? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

???? ????? ???? ??????

??????? ???????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

?????? ?????: ??????, ?????? ?????, ????? ?????? ?????? , ???? ???? ????? ????, ?????? ??????? 2019.
????? ????? ?? ???????: ???? ?? ????? - ??? ??? ?????? ????? ????? ???? , ???? TheMarker ‏, 1 ??????? 2015
??? ????? , ???? ??? ????? ?????? , ????? ?????? ????? ??????? ????? ??? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? . ????? ???? , ??????? 1950 (????? ???? ?-4:11)

????? ?????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

^ ??? ???? ????? ????
^ ????? ???? ????? ???? (???? ?????? ????? ????? ?????, ?????? ??????? ???? ?? ????? ??? ???? ??????? ?????? ?????? ???), ????"?-1962 , ???? "???"
^ ??? ???? ????? ???? (????? ??' 38), ????"?-2016 , ???? ?????
^ ????? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ??? ??? ???? ????? ???? , ?"? 7524 ?-12 ????? 2017
^ ???? ??????, ? ?? ???: ???? ????? ??????? ?????? ?? ???? ???"? ???? ?-60 , ???? ????? , 16 ?????? 2019
^ ????? ?????, ????? ???????: ?????? ?????? ?????? ????? ??? ??????? 2017 , ???? TheMarker ‏, 7 ??????? 2016
^ ????? ???? ????? ???? (???? ?????? ????? ????? ?????, ?????? ??????? ???? ?? ????? ??? ???? ????????? ??????) (?????), ????"?-2017 , ?"? 7829 ?-26 ????? 2017
^ ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ??? ??? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ???? ???? 2018- ????? ???? 12.9.18 , ???? ???? ????? ????
^ ??? ?????, ?? ??????? ????? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ?-2017 ??-2018 , ???? ??????? , 15 ????? 2019
^ ???? ????, 70 ?????? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ???? , ???? ynet , 1 ??????? 2016
^ ????? ?????, ????? ???? ??????? ?????? ???? ????? ????: ??? ??????? ?????? - ??? ????? , ???? TheMarker ‏, 27 ??????? 2016
^ ??? ????? ?? ?? ????? ???? ????? 65 ????? 60 ???? ????? ??????.
^ ???? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????? ????? ????? ?? ????? ???? ???? 50-59. ?????? ???? ???? ????? ???? .
^ ???????: ??"? 8013/98 ????? ???? ?' ???? ????? ???? ?????? , ???? ??6 ?????? 1999;
??"? 6481/19 ??? ??????? ?' ?? ??????? , ???? ??14 ??????? 2019
^ ???????: ??"? 10937/03 ??? ???? ?????? ?' ???? ????? ???? ?????? , ???? ??26 ??????? 2004;
??"? 1811/12 ???? ????? ???? ?????? ?' ?? ?? ?? ?????? , ???? ??2 ???? 2012;
??"? 6674/17 ???? ??? ?????? ?' ???? ????? ???? ?????? , ???? ??3 ?????? 2017
^ ¹ ² ³ ⁴ ??"? 3717/18 ?"? ???? ??? ?????? ?' ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ???? ?????? , ???? ??10 ????? 2018
^ ??? ????, ????? "???????": ?????? ?????? ???????, ?? 6% ?????? ?????? ?? ??????? ????? ????? ??? , ???? ??????? , 10 ??????? 2011
^ ??????? ?????????? ??????? ?????? ??? ????? ????? , ‏2016
^ ???? ?????? , ??"? ???? , 2005, ???? " ??"? ?"? ???? ???? ", ???? 162

[1] ??? ???? ????? ????

[2] ????? ???? ????? ???? (???? ?????? ????? ????? ?????, ?????? ??????? ???? ?? ????? ??? ???? ??????? ?????? ?????? ???), ????"?-1962 , ???? "???"

[3] ??? ???? ????? ???? (????? ??' 38), ????"?-2016 , ???? ?????

[4] ????? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ??? ??? ???? ????? ???? , ?"? 7524 ?-12 ????? 2017

[5] ???? ??????, ? ?? ???: ???? ????? ??????? ?????? ?? ???? ???"? ???? ?-60 , ???? ????? , 16 ?????? 2019

[6] ????? ?????, ????? ???????: ?????? ?????? ?????? ????? ??? ??????? 2017 , ???? TheMarker ‏, 7 ??????? 2016

[7] ????? ???? ????? ???? (???? ?????? ????? ????? ?????, ?????? ??????? ???? ?? ????? ??? ???? ????????? ??????) (?????), ????"?-2017 , ?"? 7829 ?-26 ????? 2017

[8] ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ??? ??? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ???? ???? 2018- ????? ???? 12.9.18 , ???? ???? ????? ????

[9] ??? ?????, ?? ??????? ????? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ?-2017 ??-2018 , ???? ??????? , 15 ????? 2019

[10] ???? ????, 70 ?????? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ???? , ???? ynet , 1 ??????? 2016

[11] ????? ?????, ????? ???? ??????? ?????? ???? ????? ????: ??? ??????? ?????? - ??? ????? , ???? TheMarker ‏, 27 ??????? 2016

[12] ??? ????? ?? ?? ????? ???? ????? 65 ????? 60 ???? ????? ??????.

[13] ???? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????? ????? ????? ?? ????? ???? ???? 50-59. ?????? ???? ???? ????? ???? .

[14] ???????: ??"? 8013/98 ????? ???? ?' ???? ????? ???? ?????? , ???? ??6 ?????? 1999;
??"? 6481/19 ??? ??????? ?' ?? ??????? , ???? ??14 ??????? 2019

[15] ???????: ??"? 10937/03 ??? ???? ?????? ?' ???? ????? ???? ?????? , ???? ??26 ??????? 2004;
??"? 1811/12 ???? ????? ???? ?????? ?' ?? ?? ?? ?????? , ???? ??2 ???? 2012;
??"? 6674/17 ???? ??? ?????? ?' ???? ????? ???? ?????? , ???? ??3 ?????? 2017

[עמית-16] ¹ ² ³ ⁴ ??"? 3717/18 ?"? ???? ??? ?????? ?' ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ???? ?????? , ???? ??10 ????? 2018

[17] ??? ????, ????? "???????": ?????? ?????? ???????, ?? 6% ?????? ?????? ?? ??????? ????? ????? ??? , ???? ??????? , 10 ??????? 2011

[18] ??????? ?????????? ??????? ?????? ??? ????? ????? , ‏2016

[19] ???? ?????? , ??"? ???? , 2005, ???? " ??"? ?"? ???? ???? ", ???? 162

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]

[10]

[11]

[12]

[13]

[14]

[15]

[16]

[17]

[18]

[19]