?????? ?????? ?? ????

??? ?? ???? ????? ???? ????????????. ?? ???????? ???????? ?????, ??? ?????? ?????? (?????????) .

?????????? ???????????

?????? ??????

?????? ?????? ?? ???????

???????

???????? ????? ?????

??????? ??????? ?? ???? (?????? ?-G) ??? ??? ?????? ???? ? ????? ????????? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ? ??? ?? ???????? ??????. ???? ??????? ??????? ??????? ?? ???? ?? ? ???????? ??? ??????? ??????? ??? ?? ? ???????? ?? ??? . ^[1] ?????, ???? ???? ?? ??? ?????? ??? ???????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ???? ???. ^[1] ?????? ????? ? ??????? ??????? ?? ???? ??? ??????? ?????????? ?????? ??? ????? ?????????? ?? ??????. ^[2] ??????? ??????? ?? ???? ?? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ???????? ??????, ???????? ???? ?? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ?????. ?????? ??????? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ????? ΔG. ^[3]

???????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

????? ?????? ?????? "?????? ??????" ??? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? "????", ??? ?????? ?????? ????? ???????? ?? ?????? ????????? ??? ???? ?? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ??????. ???? 1873 ???? ?'???? ?????? ???? "???? ?????? ??????? ?? ????????? ???????????? ?? ?????? ??????? ??????", ?? ??? ???? ?? ??????? ??????? ????? ??? ??????? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ??????? ?????? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ????. ?? ??? ????? ???????????? ?? ?????? ????????? ????, ??? ??? ????? ???? ???????? ?? " ??? - ???????? - ?????? ?????? ", ???? ????? ????? ????? ???? ????? ????: "????? ????", "???????" ?"?? ????", ???? ????? ??????? ?? ??. ^[4]

????? ????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

??????? ??????? ?? ???? ?????? ???? $G$ ,??????? ?:

G=H-TS=U-TS+PV

????

$U$ ??? ??????? ??????? ?? ??????
$T$ ??? ? ????????
$S$ ??? ? ????????
$P$ ??? ? ???
$V$ ??? ? ???
$H$ ??? ? ???????

????????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

?????????? ?? ????? ??? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? "????" ?????? ????? ????? ???? "??????".

???? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ???????? ???? ??? ??????? ??????? ??? ???? ΔG<0 , (????? ???? ??????, ??? ??????? ???? ????? ????) ?????? ????? ???????? (???? ?????? ??? ???? ??????? ????? ??).

???? ????? ???? ???? ΔG>0 , ?????? ????? ?? ???????? ? ?????? ????? ?? ?????, ????? ?????? ?????? (???? ?????? ??? ???? ??? ???? ????? ????? ??). ^[1]

???? ??????? ??????? ?? ???? ???? ???? ΔG=0 , ?? ???? ????? ???. ??? ?? ???? ??? ????? ????? ?? ?????? (???? ????? ???? ??????? ???). ^[5]

????? ???? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

????? ????? ??? ?? ????? ??????? ??????? ?? ???? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ?????????? ? ??????? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ???????? ( ??? ????? ?????? ?????). ???? ?????? ???? ????? ?? ??????? ??????? ??? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ? ????? ???????, ?????? ?????? ?????. ???????? ????? ????, ???? ????? ???? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ??? ?????? ???????? ???????? ? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ????, ???? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ??? ???? ????? ??????. ^[6]

??? ?? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ????? ???????? ????? ?? ?" ??????? ????? " ??????? ??????? ?? ????. ?????? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ?? ??????? ???? ??? ?????? ???? ????? ?? ????? ????????? ??? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ???? ?? ?????? ????? ???????? ???????. ????? ??????? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ???? ??????? ??????, ????? ?????? ??? ????? ??? ?????? ????? ???????? ????? ?? ???????? ?????.

???? ?????? ?? ??????? ???? ???? ? ?????? ???? ?? ???, ??????? ????? ???? ?? ???? (??????) ?? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ???? ?????. ???? ???????? ???? ???? ????? ? ????? ???? ????? ?? ???? ???? ? ?? ?????? ????? ????? ???? ?? ????? ????? ????, ????? ????? ????? ???????. ????? ?????? ???????? ??? ???? ????? ?? ?? ????? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ? ????? ? ????? ????? ???? ???? ???? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?? "??????? ?? ????". ^[1]

??????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

?????? ??????? ??????? ?? ????, ΔG, ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ????. ???? ??????? ???? ????? ?????? ????????? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ???????. ??????, ?????? ?? ?????? , ?????? ??????? ??????? ?? ???? ??? ΔG = 686 kcal = 2870 kJ. ????? ?? ??? ??? ???????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ????? ????. ^[7]

ΔG ??? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ????????? ??? ?????????? ????? ?? ?? ??????? ΔG= -nFE. ????:
E = ????????? ??? ??? ???? ? ???? ? ??? ???? ??? ? ?'??? ????? ????? .
n = ????? ? ????? ?? ? ????????? ??? ?????? ??????.
F = ????? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ?? ???? ????? ??? ?? ???????? ???? ? ????? ??????. .

????? ?????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

???? ????? ??? ???? ?? ?????? ????????? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ???????:

??? ?????? ?? ????? ? ???????? ?????? ???? ?- $-q/T$ . ???? $q$ - ??????? ?????? ??????. $T$ - ????????? ??????.
???? ?? ????? ????????, ????? ????????? ?? ?????? ???? ?????? ???????? ?? ?????? ???? ?????. ?????, ????????? ?? ????? ?? ?????.

???? ?????? ???, ??? ?????? ????? ?? $TS$ (?????? ?????? ????????? ?? ??????), ??? ??????? ???????? ??? ?????? ?? ??? ??????? ????? ????? ???????.

????? ????????, ??? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??????, ???? ?????? ?????? ???????. ???, ?? ???? ???? ?? ??????? ??????? ????? ?????, ???? ??????? ??????? ????? ?????.

??????? ?????? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ???:

$G=H-TS$ . ^[3]

????? ?????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

^ ¹ ² ³ ⁴ Gibbs free energy and spontaneity (article) , Khan Academy (???????)
^ Helmholtz and Gibbs Free Energies , hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu
^ ¹ ² Ted Gies, The ScienceDirect accessibility journey: A case study , Learned Publishing 31, 2018-01, ??' 69?76 doi : 10.1002/leap.1142
^ J. Willard Gibbs, John Tyndall, On the equilibrium of heterogeneous substances : first [-second part] , [New Haven: Published by the Academy, 1874
^ Victor Gold, Gibbs Energy of Activation (Gibbs Free Energy of Activation) , IUPAC Standards Online, ‏2016-02-24
^ ??? ??? ???? (quazi- equilibrium) ????????????? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ?? , ???? ???? ??????? ?????? ????, ‏2010-01-05
^ Free energy and cell potential (video) , Khan Academy (???????)

[free-1] ¹ ² ³ ⁴ Gibbs free energy and spontaneity (article) , Khan Academy (???????)

[2] Helmholtz and Gibbs Free Energies , hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu

[sda-3] ¹ ² Ted Gies, The ScienceDirect accessibility journey: A case study , Learned Publishing 31, 2018-01, ??' 69?76 doi : 10.1002/leap.1142

[4] J. Willard Gibbs, John Tyndall, On the equilibrium of heterogeneous substances : first [-second part] , [New Haven: Published by the Academy, 1874

[5] Victor Gold, Gibbs Energy of Activation (Gibbs Free Energy of Activation) , IUPAC Standards Online, ‏2016-02-24

[6] ??? ??? ???? (quazi- equilibrium) ????????????? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ?? , ???? ???? ??????? ?????? ????, ‏2010-01-05

[7] Free energy and cell potential (video) , Khan Academy (???????)

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[7]