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????? ?? ????? ????? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ??? ???? ??????? ??????? ???? ??? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ??????? ??????? ??????. ?????? ??, ??????? ???? ???????? ???? ??????, ?????? ??????? ????? ?? ???? ???? ?? ?? ????? ????? ???? ???? ???. ?????? ??????? ?? ??? ????? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ???????, ?????? ?? ?????? ??? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ??????? ??? ???? ???? ????? ??????. ??? ?? ???? ?? ???????? ?????? ????? ??????? ???? ??????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ????????. ?????? ?????? ??????? ???? ????? ?????, ??????? ???????? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ????, ??? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ?????
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[10]
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[11]
. ??? ?? ???? ????? ??? ???? ???, ???? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ??????? ??? ???? ?? ????? ????? ?? ?? ???? ?????, ???? ??? ???? ??. ?????? ????? ?? ????? ??? ????? ???? ???????
[7]
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[12]
. ?????? ????? ????? ??????? ???????? ???? ???? ???? ????? ?? ???? ???? ??? ????, ?? ?? ????????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ???????. ????? ????????? ??? ??? ?? ??? ?? ?????? ????? ??????. ?? ?? ?? ???????, ?? ???? ?????? ??? ??????? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ???????, ??????? ???? ?? ?????? ???? ?? ???????? ?? ??? ???? ??? ??????; ??? ????? ???? ????? ????? ???????
[13]
. ???, ??????? ??? ???? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ??? ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ???? ????????, ?????? ?????? ??????? ?? ??? ????? ????. ?????, ????? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ??????? ?? ?? ????? ???? ????? ??? ?? ??? ??????? ???????? ?? ????? ??? ?????? ???? ???, ???? ???? ???????????? ???????? ?? ??? ????? ??? ?????? ????? ????????? ??????
[14]
.
????? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ???????, ?? ??? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ????? ????? ?????, ?? ?? ????? ???? ?????, ???? ????. ???? ?? ??? ????? ??????? ????? ???? ???? ???? ???? ????? ??? ???? ??? ???'?? ?? ?????, ?? ??? ??? ?? ?????? ??????? ?????
[15]
. ???? ??, ???? ????? ????? ????? ????? ???? ??? ????? ????? ??????? ??????? ??? ????? ????. ????? ???? ????? ????? ?? ??? ????? ????, ?? ?????? ????? ??? ?????? ??? ????????? ?? ?????? ??????? ?? ???????. ??????? ??? ?????? ???? ????? ?? ???????? ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ???????? ????????? ??? ?????? ?????? ????? ???? ??????? ?? ??????? ??????? ???? ????? ?? ???? ??? ??????? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ?? ???????? ? ????? ?? ????, ???? ??? ????
[9]
.
???? ???? ?????? ?????? ????: ????, ????? ?? ??? ??? ?? ???? ?
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???? ?????? ????? ????? ???? ???? ?? ????? ?
????
. ?? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ?? ????? ???? ??? ????? ????? ??? ????? ?????. ????? ??????? ???, ?? ??? ????? ????? ??????, ???? ????? ??? ????? ????? ????? ????, ????? ????? ?? ????? ???? ????? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??????. ?? ?? ?? ??? ?? ??????? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ?? ?? ???? ?? ????? ????
[16]
. ???? ???? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ?????. ??? ???? ?????? ????? ??
[17]
.
- ????, ????, ?????? ??????? ??? ???????? ????'?????. ???????: ?????? ???????, ????? ?????: ?????? ????? (?? ????: ???? ????? ???? 1995).
- ?????, ??? ???, ????? ??????? ?????? ??????? (???????: ????? ????, 1968).
- Abu Zahra, Muhammad, The Four Imams: Their Lives, Works and their Schools of Thought (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2001).
- Cook Michael, The Early Muslim Dogma (New York: Cambridge university press 1981).
- Jackson, Roy, Fifty key figures in Islam (New York: Routledge, 2006).
- Powers, David, Spectorsky, Susan, Arabi, Oussama, Islamic Legal Thought: A Compendium of Muslim Jurists (Leiden: BRILL, 2013).
- "Abu Hanifa", Encyclopedia Britannica, 1998 Edition.
- "Ab? ?an?fa al-Nu?m?n", Encyclopaedia of Islam, 2006 Second Edition.
- ^
Roy Jackson, Fifty key figures in Islam (New York: Routledge, 2006), p.26.
- ^
Roy Jackson, Fifty key figures in Islam (New York: Routledge, 2006), p.25.
- ^
Muhammad Abu Zahra, The Four Imams: Their Lives, Works and their Schools of Thought, (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2001), p.6.
- ^
David Powers, Susan Spectorsky, Oussama Arabi, Islamic Legal Thought: A Compendium of Muslim Jurists, (Leiden: BRILL, 2013), P.11.
- ^
???? ????
, ?????? ??????? ??? ???????? ????'?????. ???????: ?????? ???????, ????? ?????: ?????? ????? (?? ????: ???? ????? ???? 1995), ??' 110.
- ^
The entry "Ab? ?an?fa al-Nu?m?n",
Encyclopaedia of Islam
, Vol 1, pp. 124 ? 123, 2006 Second Edition.
- ^
1
2
3
4
Powers, Spectorsky & Arabi, Islamic Legal Thought, p.11.
- ^
Abu Zahra, The Four Imams, p.8.
- ^
1
2
The entry "Abu Hanifa", Encyclopedia Britannica, Vol. 1, pp. 45 - 46, 1998 Edition.
- ^
1
2
Jackson, Fifty key figures in Islam, p.27.
- ^
Abu Zahra, The Four Imams, p.14.
- ^
??? ?????-???
, ????? ??????? ?????? ??????? (???????: ????? ????, 1968), ??' 169.
- ^
Abu Zahra, The Four Imams, p.18.
- ^
Jackson, Fifty key figures in Islam, p.29.
- ^
Michael Cook, The Early Muslim Dogma, (New York: Cambridge university press 1981), p. 30
- ^
????? ?????? ????? ??? ????? ??????, ???? ??? ??????? ?? ?????? ????? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ???????? ????. ??? ??????: Abu Zahra, The Four Imams, p. 29.
- ^
Abu Zahra, The Four Imams, p.20.